В ol meaning ia morphemesl

sts have used the term morpheme for over а century. What part of а word can be в morpheme геваии а question, however.

"ely formal grounds а morpheme is identified as а segment regularly recurring in exemes. But is cat- in саШе, or -able in table а morpheme? Definitely not, as the ng segments must have the same meaning to be called а morpheme. Vice versa,:ically identical segments, having different distribution, may not have identical

as in price — precious. Are they still morphemes? In modern linguistics emes are identified by а combination of structural, distributional and semantic i taking into account the meaning of the segment under consideration. But what mean for а morpheme to be meaningful?

oblem is that meaning in morphemes has а difTerent character in comparison with exical units, namely words.

:sumed, that like words, some word building morphemes (further 'morphemes' for may have lexical meaning: denotational (especially revealed in root-morphemes, girl-) and connotational (the suffixes in piglet and horsy have diminutive and ing meaning). Connotational meaning may range from positive to derogative as in llowing suffixes with denotational meaning of similarity: womanly, woman-like,

t-ish.

з lexical meaning many morphemes (except roots) may possess part-of-speech пЯочегп-tnent, teach-er) as all words 4о.

itrast to words and to inflectional endings like -ed for the Past Indefinite, word ig morphemes do not possess grammatical meaning. For example, the root eme -вил- in мяп-ly, «n-ванНу, possesses neither grammatical meaning of case anber, nor part-of-speech meaning, while the word а ntan does.

lition to the types of meaning observed in а word, morphemes possess specific ngs о~йе~т own. They are differential and distributional meanings.

entlal meaning serves to distinguish one word from another (over-cook, under- pre-cook) and distributional meaning is the meaning of morpheme arrangement in d (certain morphemes usually follow or prec

ede the root as in uneffecttve, some

morphemes may occupy different positions like in ring finger and finger-ring, player and player-р!апо, billboard and board bilL But difference in their arrar provides differences in lexical meanings of the nominative units they form).

l3. Classificstion of morphemesl

SemanticaUy English derivational morphemes, which here are called morphet short, are divided into roots — lexical-semantic centres of words without which 1 not exist, and архея — prefixes and suffixes with modifying meaning.

Both roots and affixes have definite lexical (denotational and connotational) t) meaning (-dad-, -let, -у).

Боте morphemes тау have all major types of meaning characteristics, like

рйЫо!оря1, while some have predominantly lexical (over-, under-) or fun meanings (-ment, -dom).

But some of the stem building morphemes called pseudo-morphemes are seman deficient. Word segments like re- in receive or con- in contain bear по теап relation to the morphemes re- in rewrite and con- in confirm. They can hardly be as йейпйе lexical or functional meaning in modern English, though diachronically йе~ usually full morphemes in the language of origin (usually Latin or Greek). differential and distributional types of meanings are presented there. They m observed in combinations with other segments forming meaningful words (cf.:, retain, remain; con- in conclude, conceive), and thus тау be regarded as units sim prefixes (pseudo-prefixes). The remaining segments of these words like ceive in ri and — tain in contain are also observed in many олег words (for example, per detain) but as radical elements they are also problematic for the same semantic reaso

Structurally morphemes fall into three groups: фее, bound and semipee (semi-hour,

А free morpheme coincides with а word form висЬ as /пепИ in frietidsltip. The ma~ of English roots are free morphemes.

А bound morpheme is always а part of а word (friend--ship). The major part of af and some roots, especially in loan words such as histor- in history, сог- in cordial, or in notion, are bound.

Боте bound morphemes seldom or never occur in обжег words. They are un morphemes (ham-let, _#_otting-liam, Prince-ton) and are mostly observed in native w that became partially demotivated.

Besides free and bound there are also semi-bound morphemes that can occur both as and bound (to do н ell and well-Жопе, take а half о~it and half-eaten).

Ь — иве

part — partial,.). etc.). However th %sc differently soundii«R parts may be

; morphophonemic чаг«апсз of йе sam влетев due to serssantic and criteria. These rePresentations, a1tе < з оГ mo~herries, иге cailed Momorphs гпау involve vowel and/or consonantal rr«orphc«phonemic

д л „вгга«ес1 in the given above e~

mples.

ns under which the вагпе morpheme xlerivcs two or more differently' sounding

11 not quite сlеа~ Mmy moq hophoqemic alternations and allophories as their пе accounted fpr еф«~о/о~гса! reasa««s (cf peace [L g. pFr] prarifist [L])

il (sound change and the Great Vow~i Sh«ft" п divine tliainity), analogica/ will be pronounced ав е!есМсйу), апв1 even excePtionalfactors (as in equate— here we observe t — у а11егпа1«оп «посад ог the more productive alternation elate — relation).