JZ. Blending, or telescoping

Many words in English are the result of a process of blending, or telescoping, where initial and terminal segments of two words are joined together to create a new word. They are also called portmanteau words.

Blending occurred in all periods of the English language development but it became most active in the second half of the 20^th century (brunch for 'BReakfast and IUNCH', cinemotress for 'CINEMa + ACTRESS', fantabulous for FANTAstic + faBULOUS, smog for 'Smoke + fOG', electrocute for 'to exeCUTE by ELECTRicity', laundromat for 'LAUNDRy autOMAT', squash for 'SQUeeze and crASff. Its role is especially remarkable in the vocabulary of sports, entertainment and politics. Blends are funny and popular words though usually they are not long-lived.

If. Back-formation|

Back-formation is very close to shortening as it occurs when a suffix (or a morph perceived as a suffix) is removed from a word (to edit from an editor, to beg from a beggar, homesick from homesickness). Words derived by means of back-formation look morphologically more simple (edit, beg) than the words they have originated from (editor, beggar). Nowadays back-formation is mainly characteristic of verbs derived of compound nouns (baby-sit from baby-sitter, stage-manage from stage-manager, house-keep from house-keeper).

4. The extensionof proper namej

The names of people and places are often generalized to name the products or things they are connected with: champagne for 'a white sparkling wine made in the old province of Champagne', hoover for 'vacuum cleaner' [trade mark], kleenex for 'paper tissue used instead of a handkerchief [trade mark], coffee [from Arabic qahwa from the name of the Ethiopian province of Kaffa], and copper [an early continental borrowing from Latin Cyprium that literally meant 'Cyprian metal'].

Myths may be widely used as a source of new words by means of proper name extension, affixation and other naming processes. Thus, psychology developed from the goddess Psyche. In Roman folklore she was a maiden who, after undergoing many hardships due to Venus' jealousy of her beauty, is reunited with Cupid and made immortal by Jupiter. Someone with a mercurial disposition is unpredictably changeable, moving quickly from one mood to another. This word comes from Mercury, the messenger of the gods.

5. Rhyming slaiiH

Rhyming slang is said to have begun as a secret language among 19^th century Cockney navies to confuse Irish co-workers: apples'n'pears for 'stairs'; dirckie-bird for 'word';

charring cross for 'horse'; trouble and strife for 'wife'; loaf and bread 'head', Adam and Eve for 'believe'. These rhyming expressions may be shortened to one word, like loaf and bread for 'head' just to loaf, causing a very specific kind of lexical ambiguity.

Identical constituents in reduplicatives are scarce in modern English, but there are more with slight changes in the vowels or consonants. There are rhyme-motivated reduplicated compounds: walkie-talkie, nitty-gritty, nitwit and ablaut-motivated reduplicative compounds: ping-pong, dilly-dally, wishy-washy, shilly-shally, flip-flop.