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Derived words as items of the English lexicon
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While the meaning of the inflected word is predictable and may be computed from the meaning of its components (he works, worked, is working), the meaning of a derived word is not so predictable in many cases. As mentioned above, a derived word includes a special component not observed in the meaning of its parts that makes it a special, separate lexical unit. Otherwise to create and interpret any derivative it would have been sufficient to provide in a dictionary just a list of roots, derivational affixes and rules of their composition.
In the lexical system derived words as well as simple words may be grouped into lexical-semantic groups and fields according to the concept they convey (see Chapter 7). But in addition to that, derived words may be classified into word families with their free root (roots) as their head. An example of such a word family is the noun sense which is the head for its derived words nonsense, sensation, sensational, senseless, senselessness, sensibility, sensitive, sensitiveness, sensory, sensual, sensible, and insensible.
Derivatives may also be grouped into derivational chains with the affix they are derived by as their head. For example, the derivational chain of adjectives with the suffix -ful, includes such words as beautiful, careful, dreadful, harmful, joyful, mournful, pitiful, peaceful, sinful, tearful, wonderful, and many others.
Both in the lexical system of the English language and in the mental lexicon of its speakers the connection between words with common bound roots having a vaguely defined meaning is very weak yet still exists. For example, the bound root —ject- [fr. L pp jectus fr jacere 'to throw'] is common for such loosely related words as inject, reject, project, trajectory, abject, adjective, subject, object, and interjection.
So, due to clearly defined derivational relations in derived words, they have stronger connections in lexicon than non-derived though morphologically related words or simple monomorphic words without any derivatives.
The fact that the majority of names in any language are derived and that the language system preserves their derived character for a very long time, suggests that the human mind has a very efficient way of storing numerous lexicon, and the relations of derivation play an important role in this system. Due to its motivated character a derived word is easier to understand despite its idiomatic component, easier to remember due to its connections in form and meaning to other lexicalized units, and easier to retrieve from memory because the pathways to them are often activated by simple words - their naming sources.
It should also be mentioned that the meaning of a newly derived word is usually determined by the meanings of its constituents and the wide original context it is used in for the first time. But a lexicalized derived word enlisted in the lexicon does not need reconstruction of the whole context that the word was originally used in. A lexicalized derived word is memorized as a lexical unit having a definite meaning, form and usage sufficient for its proper reproduction and interpretation. The problem, however, remains: which information is sufficient for its adequate representation both in a dictionary and the mental lexicon.
Further reading:
КаращукП.М. Словообразование английского языка. - М.: Высшая школа, 1977.
Кубрякова Е. С. Что такое словообразование. - М: Наука, 1965.
Кубрякова КС. Основы морфологического анализа. - М.: Наука, 1974.
Мешков О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. - М.: Наука,
1976. Нухов С.Ж. Языковая игра в английском словообразовании: имя существительное.
Уфа: Башкирский педагогический институт, 1997. Полюжин М.М. Диахронно-семантический аспект префиксального
словообразования в английском языке. - М.: Институт языкознания РАН,
1992. Соболева П.М. Словообразовательные отношения по конверсии между глаголом и
отглагольным существительным в современном английском языке: Автореф.
дис.... канд. филол. наук.— М., 1959. Харитончик З.А. Проблемы словообразования в современном английском языке.
Минск: МГПИИЯ, 1983. Харитончик З.А. Имена прилагательные в лексико-грамматической системе
современного английского языка. -Мшск: Вышэйшая школа, 1986. Царев П.В. Сложные слова в английском языке. (Учебное пособие). - М.: Изд-во
Московского. Университета, 1980.
Bauer, L. English Word-formation. - Cambridge: CUP, 1983. Marchand, H. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. -
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