Substantivized adjectives

§ 213. Substantivized adjectives may fall into several groups, according to their meaning and the nominal features they possess.

1. Some substantivized adjectives have only the singular form. They may have either the singular or plural agreement, depending on their meaning. These are:

a) substantivized adjectives denoting generalized or abstract notions.

They are used with the definite article and have singular agreement:

the fabulous, the unreal, the invisible:

The fabulous is always interesting.

There are, however, certain exceptions. Substantivized adjectives denoting abstract notions may sometimes be used in the plural. Then no article is used:

There are many variables and unknowns.

b) substantivized adjectives denoting languages are used without a determiner, but are often modified by a pronoun. They also have singular agreement.

My Spanish is very poor.

He speaks excellent English.

c) substantivized adjectives denoting groups of persons or persons of the same nationality are used with the definite article the and admit only of plural agreement the old, the poor, the rich, the blind, the dumb and deaf, the mute, the eminent, the English.

He did not look an important personage, but the eminent rarely do.

The poor were robbed of their lands.

2. Some substantivized adjectives have the category of number, that is they can have two forms - the singular and the plural. These are:

a) substantivized adjectives denoting social rank or position, military ranks, party, creed, gender, nationality, race, groups of people belonging to certain times or epochs, etc. In the plural the use of the article is not obligatory: nobles, equals, superiors, inferiors, commercials, domestics, privates, regulars, ordinaries, marines, Christians, primitives, moderns, ancients, contemporaries, liberals, conservatives, Europeans, Asiatics, Eurasians, Indians, Easterns, blacks, whites, etc.

When denoting an individual such words are used in the singular and are preceded by the indefinite article: a noble, a private, a regular, an ordinary, a Christian, a primitive, a liberal, etc.

There were a few deads missing from the briefing.

- How many have you killed?

- One hundred and twenty two sures. Not counting possibles.

He’s been working like a black.

b) substantivized adjectives denoting animals and plants: evergreens, thoroughbreds (about horses).

3. Some substantivized adjectives have only the plural form. These are:

a) substantivized adjectives denoting studies and examinations. They have either the singular or plural

agreement depending on whether they denote one notion or a collection of notions: classics, finals

(final examinations), midsessionals, etc.

Finals were approaching.

b) substantivized adjectives denoting collection of things, substances and foods. Some of these admit

either of both the singular and plural agreement (chemicals, movables, necessaries, valuables, eatables,

greens), others admit only of a singular agreement (bitters).

c) substantivized adjectives which are the names of the parts of the body are used with the definite article

the and admit of the plural agreement: the vitals, the whites (of the eyes).

d) substantivized adjectives denoting colours are used in the plural without any article: greys, reds,

purples, greens.

THE PRONOUN

§ 214. Pronouns are deictic words which point to objects, their properties and relations, their local or temporal reference, or placement without naming them. They constitute a limited class of words (that is a closed system) with numerous subclasses. They are generally differentiated into noun-pronouns (substituting nouns) and adjective-pronouns (substituting adjectives).

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