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Archaic Forms of the AuxiliariesThe forms given in the tables above are those of modern standard English. One may also come across archaic forms, mainly in poetry or texts where an archaic effect is intended.
Содержание Morphology PARTS OF SPEECH..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 THE VERB..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Formation of verb categories................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Morphological composition.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Basic verb forms....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Regular and irregular verbs.................................................................................................................................................................. 5 The category of tense............................................................................................................................................................................ 14 The category of aspect.......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 The category of perfect......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Present tenses......................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Past tenses............................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Future tenses........................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Future in the past tenses....................................................................................................................................................................... 42 The sequence of tenses.......................................................................................................................................................................... 43 The category of voice............................................................................................................................................................................ 46 The category of mood............................................................................................................................................................................ 54 NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)............................................................................................................................ 70 The Infinitive........................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Predicative constructions with the infinitive................................................................................................................................... 85 The for-to-infinitive construction....................................................................................................................................................... 85 The objective with the infinitive construction................................................................................................................................. 86 The gerund.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 The gerund and the infinitive compared........................................................................................................................................... 95 The gerund and the verbal noun compared...................................................................................................................................... 97 The participle......................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 MODAL VERBS....................................................................................................................................................................................... 114 Can......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114 May......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117 Must........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 120 To have to, have got to....................................................................................................................................................................... 122 To be to.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123 Need....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 Ought to................................................................................................................................................................................................. 126 Should.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 Shall....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 Will......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 129 Dare........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 131 THE NOUN................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132 Semantic characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................... 132 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 133 Morphological characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 134 The category of number...................................................................................................................................................................... 135 The category of case........................................................................................................................................................................... 144 THE ARTICLE......................................................................................................................................................................................... 147 The use of the indefinite article........................................................................................................................................................ 149 The use of the definite article............................................................................................................................................................ 151 Absence of the article......................................................................................................................................................................... 155 THE ADJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................................................................... 162 Semantic characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................... 162 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 163 Morphological characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 164 Adjectives of participial origin........................................................................................................................................................ 166 Adjectives and adverbs....................................................................................................................................................................... 166 Patterns of combinability.................................................................................................................................................................. 166 Syntactic functions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 168 Substantivized adjectives................................................................................................................................................................... 168 THE PRONOUN........................................................................................................................................................................................ 169 Morphological composition and categorical characteristics.................................................................................................... 170 Subclasses of pronouns and their functions.................................................................................................................................. 170 THE NUMERAL....................................................................................................................................................................................... 182 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 183 Morphological characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 184 Patterns of combinability.................................................................................................................................................................. 184 Syntactic function............................................................................................................................................................................... 186 Substantivized numerals.................................................................................................................................................................... 187 THE STATIVE.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 187 Morphological characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 188 Syntactic function............................................................................................................................................................................... 188 THE ADVERB.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 189 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 190 Morphological characteristics......................................................................................................................................................... 190 Semantic characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................... 192 Syntactic functions and patterns of combinability....................................................................................................................... 192 Positional characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................. 194 MODAL WORDS...................................................................................................................................................................................... 194 THE PREPOSITION................................................................................................................................................................................ 195 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 196 Semantic characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................... 196 Combinability of prepositions.......................................................................................................................................................... 198 Positional characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................. 198 THE CONJUNCTION.............................................................................................................................................................................. 199 Morphological composition.............................................................................................................................................................. 200 Semantic characteristics.................................................................................................................................................................... 200 Combinability of conjunctions and their functions..................................................................................................................... 201 THE CONJUNCTS................................................................................................................................................................................... 203 THE PARTICLE....................................................................................................................................................................................... 205 THE INTERJECTION............................................................................................................................................................................. 206 Syntax THE SENTENCE...................................................................................................................................................................................... 207 Structural classification of sentences............................................................................................................................................. 208 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE..................................................................................................................................................................... 209 Two-member sentences....................................................................................................................................................................... 209 One-member sentences........................................................................................................................................................................ 209 Elliptical (incomplete) sentences..................................................................................................................................................... 210 COMMUNICATIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES.................................................................................................................................. 211 Declarative sentences......................................................................................................................................................................... 211 Interrogative sentences...................................................................................................................................................................... 212 Imperative sentences........................................................................................................................................................................... 216 Exclamatory sentences....................................................................................................................................................................... 218 NON-SENTENCE UTTERANCES........................................................................................................................................................ 219 NEGATION................................................................................................................................................................................................ 220 PARTS OF THE SENTENCE................................................................................................................................................................. 224 Ways of expressing parts of the sentence........................................................................................................................................ 224 Levels of syntactical analysis............................................................................................................................................................ 227 The subject............................................................................................................................................................................................ 228 The predicate........................................................................................................................................................................................ 233 Structural classification of the predicate....................................................................................................................................... 233 The simple predicate........................................................................................................................................................................... 233 The compound predicate.................................................................................................................................................................... 235 Agreement of the predicate with the subject.................................................................................................................................. 243 The object.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 249 Ways of expressing the object........................................................................................................................................................... 249 Types of object..................................................................................................................................................................................... 250 Objects to adjectives........................................................................................................................................................................... 256 Objects to statives................................................................................................................................................................................ 257 Objects to adverbs............................................................................................................................................................................... 257 The attribute......................................................................................................................................................................................... 257 Ways of expressing attributes........................................................................................................................................................... 257 The position of attributes................................................................................................................................................................... 261 Types of connection between an attribute and its headword..................................................................................................... 262 The apposition..................................................................................................................................................................................... 263 Types of connection between an apposition and its headword................................................................................................. 264 The adverbial modifier....................................................................................................................................................................... 265 Obligatory and non-obligatory adverbial modifiers................................................................................................................... 265 Detached adverbial modifiers........................................................................................................................................................... 266 Ways of expressing adverbial modifiers......................................................................................................................................... 267 Structural classification of the adverbial modifier...................................................................................................................... 268 Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier...................................................................................................................... 269 Semantic classes of adverbial modifiers......................................................................................................................................... 269 Independent elements of the sentence............................................................................................................................................. 274 WORD ORDER......................................................................................................................................................................................... 276 The grammatical function of word order........................................................................................................................................ 276 The emphatic and communicative functions of word order........................................................................................................ 280 The linking function of word order.................................................................................................................................................. 282 THE PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES..................................................................................................................................................... 282 The subjective predicative constructions...................................................................................................................................... 284 The objective predicative constructions......................................................................................................................................... 286 The absolute nominative constructions.......................................................................................................................................... 291 The for-to-infinitive constructions................................................................................................................................................... 294 The gerundial predicative constructions........................................................................................................................................ 295 THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE............................................................................................................................................................ 296 THE COMPOUND SENTENCE............................................................................................................................................................. 297 THE COMPLEX SENTENCE................................................................................................................................................................ 301 Formal indicators of subordination (connectors)........................................................................................................................ 301 Functional classification of subordinate clauses......................................................................................................................... 304 The complex sentence with nominal clauses.................................................................................................................................. 304 The complex sentence with an attributive clause.......................................................................................................................... 309 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause........................................................................................................................... 312 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of place............................................................................................................ 313 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of time.............................................................................................................. 313 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of manner........................................................................................................ 315 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of comparison................................................................................................ 315 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of condition.................................................................................................... 316 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of concession.................................................................................................. 319 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of purpose....................................................................................................... 321 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of cause........................................................................................................... 321 The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of result (consequence)................................................................................ 322 The complex sentence with mutually subordinated clauses........................................................................................................ 323 Pseudo-complex sentences................................................................................................................................................................. 324 Appended clauses (повторы с уточнением)................................................................................................................................. 325 Absolute (or indendent) subordinate clauses................................................................................................................................ 325 Parenthetical clauses (parentheses)................................................................................................................................................ 326 INDIRECT SPEECH................................................................................................................................................................................ 326 APPENDIX I. SOME WAYS OF SENTENCE EXTENSION............................................................................................................ 329 APPENDIX II. SOME SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES OF ANALYSIS................................................................................................. 333 APPENDIX III. SUGGESTED WAYS OF SENTENCE ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 335 Поиск по сайту: |
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