Регистрация усредненных вызванных потенциалов

Для изучения таких потенциалов нужна более совершенная техника, чем для регистрации тех психофизиологических пока-

Приложение E. Головной мозг

зателей, которые мы рассматривали ранее. Помимо высокого качества записи ЭЭГ, здесь еще требуется усредняющее вы­числительное устройство. Средняя величина может вычисляться по ходу эксперимента или же после его окончания, по магнитной записи ЭЭГ и моментов предъявления стимулов.

Обычно раздражитель дается 20—100 раз. На записи ЭЭГ должны быть отметки точного момента включения каждого раздражителя (усредняется односекундный интервал после всех таких моментов).

Регистрация отрицательного отклонения медленного потенциала

Поскольку это относительно небольшой и медленно изменяю­щийся потенциал, для его регистрации важно применять стабильные электроды. Даже слабая поляризация электродов может быть ошибочно принята за потенциалы коркового происхождения. Поэтому стандартная процедура измерения сопротивления между электродами с помощью омметра здесь непригодна. Так как омметр подает на электроды кратковре­менный постоянный потенциал, при этом легко может возникнуть нежелательный побочный эффект в виде разности потенциалов между ними. В этих случаях для проверки плот­ности контакта следует использовать прибор для измерения импеданса. Очевидно, что здесь нужен предусилитель постоян­ного тока или предусилитель с очень большой постоянной времени (по меньшей мере в несколько секунд).

В неконтролируемых условиях большинство людей имеет тенденцию в момент нажатия кнопки смотреть вниз (даже при закрытых глазах). В области вертекса в это время могут регистрироваться относительно большие изменения роговично-сетчаточного потенциала. Таким образом, движения глаз легко могут давать артефакт, накладывающийся на медленные корковые потенциалы. Существует ряд электронных систем для одновременной записи электроокулограммы и автомати­ческого вычитания величины роговично-сетчаточного потен­циала. Однако значительно проще, а может быть и надежнее, просить испытуемого фиксировать взор на какой-либо точке и исключать из обработки те случаи, когда появляются за­метные движения глаз.

Ясно, что при регистрации отрицательного отклонения медленного потенциала тоже нужен электронный усреднитель. Обычно бывает достаточно примерно 12 стимулов, и для этой цели можно приспособить устройство для регистрации усред­ненных вызванных потенциалов. Хильярд (Hillyard, 1974) дает хороший обзор этих и других методических проблем.

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Адреналин 30, 70 Адренэргическая система 30 Аксон 29 Активация (arousal) 34—35, 96

— глобальная 84

— и формирование комплексной реак­
ции 190—194

— и эмоции 34—35, 70—71, 127—130

— континуум 34

— умственная 150
Активная точка 43
Альфа-ритм, блокада 137, 185—186

— и музыка 151

— межполушарная асимметрия 150—151

— обратная связь 183—186

— приятные ощущения, связанные с
ним 184—186

— состояние «альфа» 184
Анаболизм 27, 30, 31

Апокринные железы см. Потовые железы Аритмия см. Сердечная аритмия Асимметрия межполушарная 36, 60 116—

118, 150-152

Атриовентрикулярный узел 76 Аутизм 192 Ацетилхолин 30, 31, 56

Баланс автономной нервной системы см.

Нервная система

Барорецепторная гипотеза 34, 218 Барорецепторы 83—84, 217 Бета-волны 132—135 Биполярная регистрация 43, 109 Бихевиоризм 122 Близнецы 147—148, 158 Большой мозг 24 «Борьбы или бегства» реакция 26—27

30, 32, 191 Брока зона 161 Быстрые движения глаз (БДГ) 118—120

Вдох и выдох (отношение I/E) 94—95 Внешние события, внимание к ним 84— 85, 217

— неприятие 84—85, 217 Волна ожидания см. Отрицательное от­клонение медленного потенциала

Ганглий 28—29 Гиперактивность 191 — 192. Гипервентиляция 98, 145 Гипертония 81, 82 Гипометаболическое состояние 98 Гипоталамус 89

Гиппус см. Зрачковое беспокойство Глаза 104—120, 223—224

— движения 114—116

— — быстрые 118—120, 187

— — компенсаторные 115

— — латеральные 116—118, 150

— — саккадические 114

— — следящие 114—115
Голод 101 — 102

Давление крови 68, 69, 71, 81—83

— — измерение 214—215

— — относительное 83, 166
Депрессия 100, 130

Детекция лжи 7, 38, 39, 83, 164—175 Джеймса — Ланге теория 32—33 Диастола 75, 79, 81 Дуга аорты 217 Дыхательная система 94—98

Желудок, движения 75
Желудочная фистула 100
Желудочно-кишечный тракт 98______ 101

Затылочная кора 141 Зрачковое беспокойство 1.06 Зрачок 105—106

— расширение см. Пупиллометрия
Зубная доска 223

Импеданс, измерение 228 Индивидуальные различия 194—197 Инион 143

Инструментальные реакции 196 Интеграция см. Модель ИД Испуг 100

Йоги индийские 184—186

— — управление ритмом сердца 80—81

Канюля 82

Кардио-соматическое сопряжение 85 218—220

Предметный указатель

Кардиотахометр 79—80

Каротидный синус 83—84, 217

Катаболизм 27, 31

Килера полиграф см.. Полиграф

Кимограф 37—38

Классический условный рефлекс ПО

Кожно-гальваническая реакция 50,—52,

Кожный потенциал см. Потенциал кожи Кома 135

Компенсаторные движения глаз см. Глаза Комплексы реакций, исследование 192—

Кора мозга 24, 141 — 142 Корковая активация 217 Коррекция уровня 210 Краниосакральная система см. Нервная -система

Кровоток (КТ) 71, 72 Кэннона — Барда теория 33—38

Легкие 95

Лимбическая система 24 Лицо, выражение 127 —129 Лобная доля 141

Магнитоэнцефалография 134 Марихуана 105 Медитация 63, 185—186

— трансцендентальная 98, 185
Межполушарная асимметрия см. Асим­
метрия межполушарная

Менструальный цикл 58 Мигрень 92—93, 182 Минутный объем сердца 71, 72 Мобилизация энергии 34 Модель ИД 187—189 Мозг 8, 22, 24, 131 — 162

— волны ЭЭГ 132-139

— и активность потовых желез 51—53,
56—57

— локализация функций 139—142

— парадокс саморегулирования 21

— повреждение 139—140, 161

— полушария 25

— спинной 22, 24

— — поясничная область 29

— ствол 22, 24

Мозговой слой надпочечников 30

Монополярная регистрация 43, 142— 143

Мотонейрон 126

Музыка и альфа-ритм 151

Мышцы 121 — 130, 225

— волокна 126

— двигательные единицы 126—127

— лицевые 129

— напряжение 124, 127, 129—130

— расслабление 122

— сокращение 126—127

Назион 141

Наркоз 134

Нейрон 21, 27—28, 42

Неощутимая перспирация 57, 59

Непроизвольная мускулатура 23, 26

Нервная система

— — автономная (вегетативная) 22—
23

_ _ __ баланс 23, 24, 25—31, 106. 191 — 192

— — организация 22—24

— — парасимпатическая 22—23, 26, 27
30—31, 87, 104—106

— — периферическая 22, 23

— — симпатическая 23, 25, 25—33,
73—74, 87, 104—106, 221

_ _ центральная 22, 23, 24—25, 77 —

Нистагм 115 Норадреналин 30, 70

Обратная связь 93, 127, 175—189

— — комплексная 187—189

— — лечение гемиплегии 182

— — на уровне двигательных еди­
ниц 124—125

— — сердечно-сосудистая 98, 188—189
Ома закон 200

Онкометр 90

Оперантные условные рефлексы 175—180

Ориентировочная реакция 64—66

Осциллограф 47—48

Относительное давление крови см. Давле­ние крови

Отрицательное отклонение медленного потенциала 135, 159—162, 228

Парасимпатическая нервная система см.

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