There was/ were there will be there has/ have been

A Compare:

B there has been / there have been (present perfect)

C there will be

• Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday?

• The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon.

• I’m going away tomorrow. I’ll do my packing today because there won’t be time tomorrow. (there won’t be = there will not be)

Exercises.

1. Put in there was/ there wasn’t/ was there/ there were/ there weren’t/ were there.

1) I was hungry but _________ anything to eat.

2) _________ any letters for me yesterday?

3) _________ a football match on TV last night. Did you see it?

4) “We stayed at a very nice hotel.” “Did you? _________ a swimming pool?”

5) The wallet was empty. _________ any money in it.

6) “_________ many people at the meeting?” “No, very few.”

7) We didn’t visit the museum. _________ enough time.

8) I’m sorry I’m late. _________ a lot of traffic.

9) Twenty years ago _________ many tourists here. Now there are a lot.

2. Put in there + is/ are/ was/ were/ has been/ have been/ will be.

1) _______ a good film on TV yesterday evening.

2) _______ 24 hours in a day.

3) _______ a party at the club last Friday but I didn’t go.

4) “Where can I buy a newspaper?” “_______ a shop at the end of the street.”

5) “Why are those policemen outside the bank?” “_______ a robbery.”

6) When we arrived at the cinema, _______ a long queue to see the film.

7) When you arrive tomorrow, _______ somebody at the station to meet you.

8) Ten years ago _______ 500 children at the school. Now _______ more than a thousand.

9) Last week I went back to the town where I was born. It’s different now. _______ a lot of changes.

10) I think everything will be OK. I don’t think _______ any problems.

It

A We use it for time/ date/ distance/ weather:

time • What time is it?

• It’s half past ten.

• It’s late.

• It’s time to go home.

day • What day id it today?

• It’s Thursday.

• It’s 16 March.

• It was my birthday yesterday.

distance: • It’s three miles from our house to the city centre.

• How far is it from London to Bristol?

• It’s a long way from here to the station.

• We can walk home. It isn’t far.

We use far in questions (is it far?) and negatives (it isn’t far).

We use a along way in positive sentences (it’s a long way).

weather: • It’s raining. It isn’t raining. Is it snowing?

• It rains a lot here. It didn’t rain yesterday. Does it snow very often?

• It’s warm/ hot/ cold/ fine/ cloudy/ windy/ sunny/ foggy/ dark etc.

• It’s a nice day today.

Compare it and there:

• It rains a lot in winter. There is a lot of rain in winter.

• It was very windy. There was a strong wind yesterday.

B It’s nice to … etc.

It’s easy/ difficult/ impossible/ dangerous/ safe/ expensive/ interesting/ nice/ wonderful/ terrible etc. to …

• It’s nice to see you again. (it = to see you again)

• It’s impossible to understand her. (it = to understand her)

• It wasn’t easy to find your house. (it = to find your house)

C don’t forget it:

• It’s raining again. (not ‘Is raining again?’)

• Is it true that you are going away? (not ‘Is true that …’)

Exercises.

1. Write about the weather. Use it’s ….

1) rain 3) snow 5) windy

2) sunny 4) frosty 6) foggy

2. Put in it is (it’s) or is it.

1) What time _______?

2) We must go now. _______ very late.

3) _______ true that Bill can fly a helicopter?

4) “What day _______ today? Tuesday?” “No, _______ Wednesday.”

5) _______ ten kilometers from the airport to the city centre.

6) _______ possible to phone you at your office?

7) “Do you want to walk to the restaurant?” “I don’t know. How far _______?”

8) _______ Linda’s birthday today. She’s 27.

9) I don’t believe it! _______ impossible.

3. Write questions with How far …?

1) here / the station/ from/ to __________________________________________

2) the hotel/ from/ to/ the beach ________________________________________

3) New York/ to/ from/ Washington _____________________________________

4) your house/ from/ the airport/ to ______________________________________

4. Put in it or there.

1) _______ rains a lot in winter.

2) _______ was a strong wind yesterday.

3) _______ was a nice day yesterday.

4) We can’t go skiing. _______ isn’t any snow.

5) _______’s hot in this room. Open the window.

6) I was afraid because _______ was very dark.

7) _______ was a storm last night. Did you hear it?

8) _______’s a long way from here to the nearest shop.

5. Complete the sentences.

It’s easy/ difficult/ impossible/ dangerous/ nice/ interesting

to work in this office/ visit different places/ see you again/ get up early/ go out alone/ make friends

1) If you go to bed late, ____________________ in the morning.

2) Hello, Jill. ______________________. How are you?

3) _______________________________________. There is too much noise.

4) Everybody is very nice at work. __________________________________.

5) I like traveling. _______________________________________________.

6) A lot of cities are not safe. _________________________________ at night.

I amI don’t etc.

A She isn’t tired but he is. (he is = he is tired)

He likes tea but she doesn’t. (she doesn’t = she doesn’t like)

In these examples, it is not necessary to repeat words (‘he is tired’, ‘she doesn’t like tea’).

You can use these verbs in the same way:

am/ is/ are • I haven’t got a car but my sister has. (= my sister has got a car)

was/ were • A: Please help me.

has/ have B: I’m sorry. I can’t. (= I can’t help you)

do/ does/ did • A: Are you tired?

can B: I was, but I’m not now. (= I was tired but I’m not now)

will • A: Do you think Ann will phone this evening?

might B: She might. (= she might phone)

must • A: Are you going now?

B: Yes, I’m afraid I must. (= I must go)

You cannot use ‘m/‘s/’ve etc. (short forms) in this way. You must use am/is/have etc.

• She isn’t tired but he is. (not … he’s)

But you can use isn’t/ haven’t/ won’t etc. (negative short forms):

• My sister has got a car but I haven’t.

• “Are you and Jim working tomorrow?” “I am but Jim isn’t.”

B You can use I am / I’m not etc. After Yes and No:

• “Are you tired?” “Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.”

• “Will Alan be here tomorrow?” “Yes, he will./ No, he won’t.”

• “Is there a bus to the airport?” “Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.”

C We use do / does for the present simple:

• I don’t like hot weather but Sue does. (= Sue likes hot weather)

• Sue works hard but I don’t. (= I don’t work hard)

• “Do you enjoy your work?” “Yes, I do.”

We use did for the past simple:

• A: Did you and John enjoy the film?

B: I did but John didn’t. (I enjoyed it but John didn’t enjoy it)

• “I enjoyed the film.” “I did too.” (= I enjoyed it too)

• “Did it rain yesterday?” “No, it didn’t.”

Exercises.

1. Complete these sentences. Use only one verb (is/ have/ can etc.) each time.

1) Kate wasn’t hungry but we _____________________________________

2) I’m not married but my brother __________________________________

3) Bill can’t help you but I ________________________________________

4) I haven’t seen the film but Tom __________________________________

5) Diana won’t be here but Chris ___________________________________

6) You weren’t late but I __________________________________________

2. Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn’t/ haven’t/ can’t etc.).

1) My sister can play the piano but I ________________________________

2) Ann is working today but I ______________________________________

3) I was working by my friends ____________________________________

4) Richard has got a car but I _______________________________________

5) I’m ready to go but Tom _________________________________________

6) I’ve got a key but Sally __________________________________________

3. Complete these sentences with do/ does/ did or don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t.

1) I don’t like hot weather but Sue ________________________________

2) Sue likes hot weather but I _____________________________________

3) My mother wears glasses but my father _____________________________

4) You don’t know Paul very well but I ________________________________

5) I didn’t enjoy the party but my friends _______________________________

6) I don’t watch TV much but Peter ____________________________________

7) Kate lives in London but her parents _________________________________

8) You had a shower this morning but I _________________________________

4. Complete the sentences. Write about yourself and other people.

1) I didn’t go out last night but my friends did.

2) I like ____________________ but ____________________

3) I don’t ___________________ but _____________________

4) I’m ______________________ but _______________________

5) I haven’t ______________________ but _______________________

5. Put in a verb, positive or negative.

1) “Are you tired?” “I was earlier but I’m not now.”

2) John is happy today but he ________________________ yesterday.

3) The post office isn’t open yet but the shops __________________

4) I haven’t got a video camera but I know somebody who _____________

5) I would like to help you but I’m afraid I _______________________

6) I don’t usually go to work by car but I _________________ yesterday.

7) A: Have you ever been to the United States?

B: No, but Sandra _______. She went there on holiday last year.

8) “Do you and Ann watch TV a lot?” “I _______ but Ann doesn’t.”

9) I’ve been invited to the party but Kate _____________________

10) “Do you think Diana will pass her exam?” “Yes, I’m sure she _______”

11) “Are you going out this evening?” “I _________. I don’t know for sure.”

6. Answer these questions about yourself. Use ‘Yes, I have./ No, I’m not.’ etc.

1) Are you British? No, I’m not.

2) Have you got a car? __________________________________

3) Do you feel well? __________________________________

4) Is it snowing? __________________________________

5) Are you hungry? __________________________________

6) Do you like classical music? __________________________________

7) Will you be in Paris tomorrow? __________________________________

8) Have you ever been in hospital? __________________________________

9) Did you buy anything yesterday? __________________________________

10) Were you asleep at 3 a.m.? __________________________________

Have you? Are you? Don’t you? etc.

A “I’ve bought a car?” “Oh, have you?”

“I’m writing a book.” “Are you really? What about?”

“I don’t like George?” “Don’t you? Why not?”

You can say have you?/ is it?/ can’t he? etc. to show that you are interested or surprised.

• “You’re late.” “Oh, am I?” I’m sorry.

• “I was ill last week.” “Were you? I didn’t know that.”

• “It’s raining again.” “Is it? It was sunny ten minutes ago.”

• “There’s a letter for you.” “Is there? Where is it?”

• “Bill can’t drive.” “Can’t he? I didn’t know that.”

• “I’m not hungry.” “ Aren’t you? I am.”

• “Sue isn’t at work today.” “Isn’t she? Is she ill?”

Use do / does for the present simple and did for the past simple:

• “I speak four languages.” “Do you? Which ones?”

• “Tom doesn’t eat meat.” “Doesn’t he? Does he eat fish?”

• “Linda got marries last week.” “Did she? Really?”

B Question tags “It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?” “Yes, lovely.”

You can use have you?/ is it?/ can’t she? Etc. at the end of a sentence.

These ‘mini-questions’ are question tags.

a positive sentence → a negative question tag

a negative sentence → a positive question tag

positive → negative

It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it? Yes, it’s lovely.

Sally lives in London, doesn’t she? Yes, that’s right.

You closed the window, didn’t you? Yes, I think so.

Those shoes are nice, aren’t they? Yes, very nice.

Tom will be here soon, won’t he? Yes, probably.

negative → positive

That isn’t your car, is it? No, my car is white.

You haven’t met my mother, have you? No, I haven’t.

Sally doesn’t smoke, does she? No, she doesn’t.

You won’t be late, will you? No, I’m never late.

Exercises.

1. Answer with “Do you?/ Doesn’t she?/ Did they?” etc.

1) I speak four languages. Do you? Which one?

2) I work in a bank. _______ I work in a bank too.

3) I didn’t go to work yesterday. _______ Were you ill?

4) Jill doesn’t like me. _______ Why not?

5) You look tired. _______ I feel fine.

6) Julia phoned me last night. _______ What did she say?

2. Answer with Have you?/ Haven’t you?/ Did she?/ Didn’t she? etc.

1) I’ve bought a new car. Have you? What make (модель)is it?

2) Tim doesn’t eat meat. Doesn’t he? Does he eat fish?

3) I’ve lost my key. _________ When did you last have it?

4) Sue can’t drive. _________ She should learn.

5) I was born in Italy. _________ I didn’t know that.

6) I didn’t sleep well last night. _________ Was the bed uncomfortable?

7) There’s a film on TV tonight. _________ Are you going to watch it?

8) I’m not happy. _________ Why not?

9) I met Paula last week. _________ How is she?

10) Margaret works in a factory. _________ What kind of factory?

11) I won’t be here next week. _________ Where will you be?

12) The clock isn’t working. _________ It was working yesterday.

3. Complete the sentences with a question tag (isn’t it?/ haven’t you? etc.)

1) It’s a beautiful day, _______ Yes, it’s lovely.

2) These flowers are nice, _______ Yes, what are they?

3) Judy was at the party, _______ Yes, but I didn’t speak to her.

4) You’ve been to Paris, _______ Yes, many times.

5) You speak German, _______ Yes, but not very well.

6) Martin looks tired, _______ Yes, he works very hard.

7) You’ll help me, _______ Yes, of course I will.

4. Complete the sentences with a question tag, positive (is it?/ do you? etc.)

1) You haven’t got a car, _______? No, I can’t drive.

2) You aren’t tired, _______? No, I feel fine.

3) Carol is a very nice person, _______? Yes, everybody likes her.

4) You can play the piano, _______? Yes, but I’m not very good.

5) You don’t know Mike’s sister, _______? No, I’ve never met her.

6) Sally went to university, _______? Yes, she studied economics.

7) The film wasn’t very good, _______? No, it was terrible.

8) Ann lives near you, _______? That’s right. In the same street.

9) You won’t tell anybody what I said, _______? No, of course not.

isn’t haven’t don’t etc. negatives

A we use not (n’t) in negative sentences:

am am not (‘m not) I’m not tired.

is is not (isn’t or ‘ not) It isn’t (or It’s not) raining.

are are not (aren’t or ‘re not) They aren’t (or They’re not) here.

was was not (wasn’t) Julian wasn’t hungry.

were were not (weren’t) The shops weren’t open.

have have not (haven’t) I haven’t finished my work.

has has not (hasn’t) She hasn’t got a car.

will will not (won’t) We won’t be here tomorrow.

can cannot (can’t) George can’t drive.

could could not (couldn’t) I couldn’t sleep last night.

must must not (mustn’t) I mustn’t forget to phone Ann.

should should not (shouldn’t) You shouldn’t work so hard.

would would not (wouldn’t) I wouldn’t like to be an actor.

B don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t

positive → negative

I want to go out. → I don’t want to go out.

They work hard. → They don’t work hard.

Liz plays the guitar. → Liz doesn’t play the guitar.

My father likes his job. → My father doesn’t like his job.

I got up early this morning. → I didn’t get up early this morning.

They worked hard yesterday. → They didn’t work hard yesterday.

We played tennis. → We didn’t play tennis.

Diane had a bath. → Diane didn’t have a bath.

Don’t …

Look! → Don’t look!

Wait for me. → Don’t wait for me.

Sometimes do is the main verb (don’t do/ doesn’t do/ didn’t do):

Do something! → Don’t do anything.

Sue does a lot at weekends. → Sue doesn’t do much at weekends.

I did what you said. → I didn’t do what you said.

Exercises.

1. Make these sentences negative.

1) He’s gone away. _________ 4) It’s cold today. _________

2) They’re married. _________ 5) We’ll be late. _________

3) I’ve had dinner. __________ 6) You should go. _________

2. Make these sentences negative. Use ‘don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t’.

1) She saw me. _________ 4) He lives here __________________

2) I like cheese. _________ 5) Go away! _____________________

3) They understood. _________ 6) I did the shopping. ______________

3. Make these sentences negative.

1) She can swim. _________ 6) He’ll be pleased. _________________

2) They’ve arrived. ___________ 7) Phone me tonight. ________________

3) I went to the bank. __________ 8) It rained yesterday. _______________

4) He speaks German. __________ 9) I could hear them. _______________

5) We were angry. ____________ 10) I believe you. ____________________

4. Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn’t/ haven’t/ don’t etc.).

1) They aren’t rich. They haven’t got much money.

2) “Would you like something to eat?” “No, thank you. I _______ hungry.”

3) I _______ find my glasses. Have you seen them?

4) George ________ write letters very often. He prefers to use the phone.

5) We can walk to the station from here. It _______ very far.

6) “Where’s Jill?” “I _______ know. I _______ seen him today.”

7) Be careful! _______ fall!

8) We went to the cinema last night. I _______ like the film very much.

9) I’ve been to Spain many times but I _______ been to Portugal.

10) Julia _______ be here tomorrow. She is going away.

11) “Who broke that window?” “Not me. I _______ do it.”

12) We didn’t see what happened. We _______ looking at the time.

Is it …? Have you ….? Do they …? etc.

A In question, the first verb (is/ are/ have/ etc.) is before the subject:

positive subject + verb → question verb + subject

I am late. → Am I late?

That seat is free. → Is that seat free?

She was angry. → Why was she angry?

David has gone. → Where has David gone?

You have got a car. → Have you got a car?

They will be here soon. → When will they be here soon?

Paula can swim. → Can Paula swim?

Be careful with word order:

• Where has David gone?

• Are those people waiting for something?

• When was the telephone invented?

B do …?/ does …?/ did …?/

positive → question

They work hard. → Do they work hard?

You watch television. → How often do you watch television.

Chris works hard. → Does Chris work hard.

She gets up early. → What time does she get up?

They worked hard. → Did they work hard?

You had dinner. → What did you have for dinner.

She got up early? → What time did she get up?

Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do/ did he do etc.):

• What do you usually do at weekends?

• “What does your brother do?” “He works in a bank.”

• “I broke my finger last week.” “How did you do that?”

C Why isn’t…?/ Why don’t …? etc. (Why + negative):

• Where’s John? Why isn’t he here?

• Why can’t Paula come to the meeting tomorrow?

• Why didn’t you phone me last night?

Exercises.

1. Write questions.

1) I can swim. (and you?) _________________

2) I work hard. (and Jim?) _________________

3) I was late this morning. (and you?) _________________

4) I’ve got a key. (and Ann?) _________________

5) I’ll be here tomorrow. (and you?) __________________

6) I’m going out this evening. (and Paul?) ___________________

7) I like my job. (and you?) ___________________

8) I live near here. (and Linda?) ___________________

9) I enjoyed my holiday. (and you?) ___________________

10) I had a shower this morning. (and you?) ___________________

2. Put the words in the right order. All the sentences are question.

1) has/ gone/ where/ David? __________________________________

2) working/ Rachel/ is/ today? __________________________________

3) the children/ what/ are/ doing? __________________________________

4) made/ is/ how/ cheese? __________________________________

5) to the party/ coming/ is/ your sister? _______________________________

6) you/ the truth/ tell/ don’t/ why? ___________________________________

7) your guests/ have/ yet/ arrived? ___________________________________

8) leave/ what time/ tour train/ does? _______________________________

9) your car/ in the accident/ was/ damaged? __________________________

10) to work/ Ann/ why/ go/ didn’t? ____________________________________

3. Complete the questions.

1) I want to go out. Where ___________________

2) Ann and Paul aren’t going to the party. Why _____________________

3) I’m reading. What _____________________

4) Sue went to bed early. What time _________________

5) My parents are going on holiday. When _____________________

6) I met Tom a few days ago. Where ____________________

7) Tina has gone away. Where ___________________

8) I can’t come to the party. Why ____________________

9) I need some money. How much ________________

10) Angela doesn’t like me. Why _____________________

11) It rains sometimes. How often ________________

12) I did the shopping. When ____________________

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