A When I went out, it was raining

This sentence has two parts:

part A part B

when I went out + it was raining

You can begin with part A or part B:

• When I went out, it was raining.

• It was raining when I went out.

We write a comma (,) if part A (When …) is before part B:

• When you are tired, don’t drive.

• Don’t drive when you are tired.

• Ann was very happy when she passed her exam.

• When Ann passed her exam, she was very happy.

We do the same in sentences with before/ while/ after:

• Always look both ways before you cross the road.

• Before you cross the road, always look both ways.

• While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain.

• It began to rain while I was waiting for the bus.

• He never played football again after he broke his leg.

• After he broke his leg, he never played football again.

B When I am … / When I go … etc.

Next week Jill is going to New York. She has a friend, Barbara, who lives in New York but Barbara is also going away – to Mexico. So they won’t meet in New York.

• Barbara will be in Mexico when Jill is in New York.

The time is future (next week) but we say:

… when Jill is in New York

We use the present (I am/ I go etc.) with a future meaning after when:

• When I get home this evening, I’m going to have a shower.

• I can’t talk to you now. I’ll talk to you later when I have more time.

We do the same after before/ while/ after/ until:

• Please close the window before you go out.

• Julia is going to live in our flat while we are away.

• I’ll stay here until you come back.

Exercises.

1. Make sentences beginning with when. Choose from the list.

I went out I switched off the TV

I’m tired I always go to the same place

When + I phoned her + there were no rooms

I go on holiday it was raining

the programme ended there was no answer

I arrived at the hotel I like to watch TV

1) ___________________________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________________________

3) ___________________________________________________________

4) ___________________________________________________________

5) ___________________________________________________________

6) ___________________________________________________________

2. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list.

somebody broke into the house before they came here

before they crossed the road while they were away

they went to live in New Zealand when they heard the news

they didn’t believe me

1) They looked both ways _______________________________________

2) They were very surprised ______________________________________

3) After they got married, ________________________________________

4) The letter arrived _____________________________________________

5) Where did they live ___________________________________________

6) While they were asleep, ________________________________________

7) When I told them the news, ______________________________________

3. Which is right? Choose the correct form.

1) I stay/ I’ll stay here until you come/ you’ll come back.

2) I’m going to bed when I finish/ I’ll finish my work.

3) We must do something before it’s/ it will be too late.

4) Julia is going away soon. I’m/ I’ll be very sad when she leaves/ she’ll leave.

5) Don’t go out yet. Wait until the rain stops/ will stop.

6) We come/ we’ll come and visit you when we’re/ we’ll be in England again.

7) When I come/ I’ll come to see you tomorrow, I bring/ I’ll bring the photographs.

8) I’m going to Paris next week. I hope to see some friends of mine while I’m/ I’ll be there.

9) “Don’t forget to give me your address.” “OK, I give/ I’ll give it to you before I go/ I’ll go.”

4. Use you own ideas to complete these sentences.

1) Can you close the window before ________________________?

2) What are you going to do ________________________________?

3) When I have more time, __________________________________

4) I’ll wait for you while _____________________________________

5) When I start my new job, __________________________________

6) Will you be here when ____________________________________?

If we go … If you see … etc.

A Shall we go by taxi? - If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.

- We’ll get there more quickly if we go by taxi.

If can be at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle:

• If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.

If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the train.

If you are hungry, have something to eat.

If the phone rings, can you answer it, please?

• It will be cheaper if we go by bus.

You will miss the train if you don’t hurry.

I’m going to the concert if I can get a ticket.

Do you mind if I use your phone? (= Is it OK if I use it?)

In conversation, we often use the if -part of the sentence alone:

• “Are you going to the concert?” “Yes, if I can get a ticket.”

B If you see Ann tomorrow … etc.

After if, we use the present (not ‘will’). We say: if you see …

• If you see Ann tomorrow, can you ask her to phone me?

• If I’m late this evening. Don’t wait for me.

• What shall we do if it rains?

• If I don’t feel well tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.

C if and when

If I go out = it is possible that I will go out, but I’m not sure:

• A: Are you going out later?

• B: Perhaps. If I go out, I’ll close the window.

When I go out = I’m going out (for sure):

• A: Are you going out later?

• B: Yes, I am. When I go out, I’ll close the window.

• When I get home this evening, I’m going to have a shower.

• If I’m late this evening, don’t wait for me.

• We’re going to play tennis if it doesn’t rain.

Exercises.

1. Make sentences beginning with if. Choose from the boxes.

you don’t hurry we can have lunch now

you pass the exam you can have them

you fail the exam I can lend you some

If + you don’t want this magazine + you’ll get a certificate

you want those picture you’ll be late

you’re busy now I’ll throw it away

you’re hungry we can talk later

you need money you can do it again

1) ______________________________________________________________

2) ______________________________________________________________

3) ______________________________________________________________

4) ______________________________________________________________

5) ______________________________________________________________

6) ______________________________________________________________

7) ______________________________________________________________

8) ______________________________________________________________

2. Which is right?

1) If I’m/ I’ll be late this evening, don’t wait for me.

2) Will you write to me if I give/ I’ll give you my address.

3) If there is/ will be a fire, the alarm will ring.

4) If I don’t see you tomorrow morning, I phone/ I’ll phone you in the evening.

5) I’m/ I’ll be surprised if Martin and Julia get/ will get married.

6) Do you go/ Will you go to the party if they invite/ they’ll invite you?

3. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1) I’m going to the concert if _____________________________________

2) If you don’t hurry ____________________________________________

3) I don’t want to go swimming if _________________________________

4) If you go to bed early tonight, ___________________________________

5) Turn the television off if _______________________________________

6) Tina won’t pass her exam if _____________________________________

7) If I have time tomorrow, ________________________________________

8) We can go to the beach tomorrow if ______________________________

4. Put in if or when.

1) _______ I’m late this evening, don’t wait for me.

2) I’m going to do some shopping now. _______ I come back, we can have lunch.

3) I’m thinking of going to see Tim. _______ I go, will you come with me?

4) _______ you don’t want to go out tonight, we can stay at home.

5) Do you mind _______ I close the window?

6) John is still at school. _______ he leaves school, he wants to go to university.

7) Shall we have a picnic tomorrow _______ the weather is good?

8) We’re going to Madrid next week. We haven’t got anywhere to stay – we hope to find a hotel _______ arrive. I don’t know what we’ll do _______ we don’t find anywhere.

If I had … If we went … etc.

A Dan likes fast cars but he doesn’t have one.

He doesn’t have enough money.

If he had the money, he would buy a fast car,

Usually had is past, but in this sentence had is not past. If he had the money = if he had the money now (but he doesn’t have it).

You can say:

• If he had the money, he would buy a car. (if … at the beginning)

or He would buy a car if he had the money. (… if … in the middle)

I’d/ she’d/ they’d etc. = I would/ she would/ they would etc.:

• I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer, I’d tell you.

• It’s raining, so we’re not going out. We’d wet if we went out.

• Jane lives in a city. She likes cities. She wouldn’t be happy if she lived in the country.

• If you didn’t have a job, what would you do? (but you have a job)

• I’m sorry I can’t help you. I’d help you if I could. (but I can’t)

• If we had a car, we could travel more. (but we haven’t got a car, so we can’t travel much)

B If (I) was/ were …

You can say: if (I/ he/ she/ it) was or were …

• It’s cold. If I were you, I’d put your coat on. (or If I was you …)

• It’s not a very nice place. I wouldn’t go there if I was (or ‘were’) you.

• It would be nice if the weather were (or ‘was’) better.

C Compare:

Exercises.

1. Complete the sentences.

1) I don’t know the answer. If I _______ the answer, I’d tell you.

2) I have a car. I couldn’t travel very much if I ____________ a car.

3) I don’t want to go out. If I _________ to go out, I’d go.

4) We haven’t got a key. If we _________ a key, we could get into the house.

5) I’m not hungry. I would have something to eat if I _____________ hungry.

6) Sue enjoys her work. She wouldn’t do it if she ______________________ it.

7) You can’t drive. If you _________ drive, I would lend you my car.

8) He speaks too fast. I could understand him better if he _________ more slowly.

9) I have a lot to do today, If I ____________ so much to do, we could go out.

2. Put the verb in the correct form.

1) If he ______ the money, he would buy a fast car. (he/ have)

2) Jane likes living in a city. __________ happy if she lived in the country. (she/ not/ be)

3) If I wanted to learn Italian, ___________ to Italy. (I/ go)

4) I haven’t told Ann what happened. She’d be angry if ________. (she/ know)

5) If __________ a map, I could show you where I live. (I/ have)

6) What would you do if _____________ a lot of money? (you/ win)

7) It’s not a very good hotel. ________ there if I were you. (I/ not/ stay)

8) If __________ nearer London, we would go there more often. (we/ live)

9) It’s a pity you have to go now. ________ nice if you had more time. (it/ be)

10) I’m not going to take a job. I’d take it if _________ better. (the salary/ be)

11) I don’t know anything about cars. If the car broke down, ____________ what to do. (I/ not/ know)

12) If you could change one thing in the world, what ________? (you/ change)

3. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb in the correct form.

we (have) a bigger house every day (be) the same

we (buy) a bigger house the air (be) cleaner

we (have) some pictures on the wall it (be) a bit cheaper

I (watch) it I (be) bored

1) I’d buy that jacket if ____________________________________

2) If there was a good film on TV tonight, ___________________________

3) This room would be nicer if ___________________________________

4) If there wasn’t so much traffic, _________________________________

5) Life would be boring if _______________________________________

6) If I had nothing to do, ________________________________________

7) We could invite all our friends to stay if ______________________________

8) If we had more money, __________________________________________

4. Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas.

1) I’d go to the dentist if ________________________________________

2) If I could go anywhere in the world, _________________________________

3) I wouldn’t be very happy if _______________________________________

4) I’d buy a house if _______________________________________________

5) If I saw an accident in the street, ___________________________________

6) The world would be a better place if ________________________________

a person who …. a thing that/ which … (relative clauses 1)

A I met a woman. She can speak six languages.

she → who

I met a woman who can speak six languages.

Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him.

it → that or which

Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him.

Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him.

B who is for people (not things):

A thief is a person who steals things.

Do you know anybody who can play the piano?

The man who phoned didn’t give his name.

The people who work in the office are very friendly.

C that for things or people:

An airplane is a machine that flies.

Emma lives in a house that that is 500 years old.

The people that work in the office are very friendly.

You can use that for people, but who is more usual.

D which is for things (not people):

An airplane is a machine which flies.

Emma lives in a house which is 500 years old.

Do not use which for people:

• Do you remember the woman who was playing the piano at the party?

Exercises.

1. Choose from the boxes and write sentence: A … is a person who ….

a thief doesn’t tell the truth

a butcher looks after your teeth

a musician is very intelligent

a patient plays a musical instrument

a dentist is ill in hospital

a fool steals things

a genius is very stupid

a liar sells meat

1) ___________________________________________________________

2) ___________________________________________________________

3) ___________________________________________________________

4) ___________________________________________________________

5) ___________________________________________________________

6) ___________________________________________________________

7) ___________________________________________________________

8) ___________________________________________________________

2. Make one sentence from two.

1) A man phoned. He didn’t give his name.

________________________________________________________________

2) A woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress.

________________________________________________________________

3) Some students took an exam. Most of them passed.

________________________________________________________________

4) A policeman stopped our car. He wasn’t very friendly.

________________________________________________________________

3. Put in who or which.

1) I met a woman _____ can speak six languages.

2) What’s the name of the woman _____ lives next door.

3) What’s the name of the river _____ flows through the town.

4) Where is the picture _____ was hanging on the wall?

5) Do you know anybody _____ wants to buy a car?

6) You always ask questions _____ are difficult to answer.

7) I have a friend _____ is very good at repairing cars.

8) I think everybody _____ went to the party enjoyed it very much.

9) Why does he always wear clothes _____ are too small for him?

4. Right or wrong? Correct mistakes.

1) A thief is a person which steals things.

2) An airplane is a machine that flies.

3) A coffee maker is a machine who makes coffee.

4) Have you seen the money that was on the table?

5) I don’t like people which never stop talking.

6) I know somebody that can help you.

7) I know somebody who works in that shop.

8) Correct the sentences who are wrong.

the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)

A The man carrying a bag. It’s very heavy.

The bag (that) he is carrying is very heavy.

Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them?

Have you seen the photographs (that) Ann took?

You can say:

• The bag that he is carrying … or The bag he is carrying … (with or without that)

• … the photographs that Ann took? or … the photographs Ann took?

You do not need that/ who/ which when it is the object:

subject verb object

The man was carrying a bag → the bag (that) the man was carrying

Ann took some photographs → the photographs (that) Ann took

You wanted the book → the book (that) you wanted

We met some people → the people (who) we met

• Did you find the book you wanted? (or … the book that you wanted?)

• The people we met were very nice. (or The people who we met …)

• Everything I said was true. (or Everything that I said …)

Note that we say:

• The film we saw was very good. (or ‘The film we saw it was …’)

B Sometimes there is a preposition (to/ in/ at etc.) after the verb:

Jill is talking to a man. → Do you know the man Jill is talking to?

We stayed at a hotel. → The hotel we stayed at was near the station.

I told you about some books. → These are the books I told you about.

Note that we say:

… the books I told you about

You can say: (a place) where …:

• The hotel where we stayed was near the station. (= The hotel we stayed at …)

C You must use who/ that/ which when it is the subject:

• I met a woman who can speak six languages. (who is the subject)

• Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him. (that is the subject)

Exercises.

1. Make one sentence from two:

1) Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them?

_________________________________________________________________

2) You gave me a pen. I’ve lost it.

_________________________________________________________________

3) Sue is wearing a jacket. I like it.

_________________________________________________________________

4) I gave you some flowers. Where are they?

_________________________________________________________________

5) He told us a story. I didn’t believe it.

_________________________________________________________________

2. Make one sentence from two.

1) I was carrying a bag. It was very heavy.

________________________________________________________________

2) You cooked a meal. It was excellent.

________________________________________________________________

3) I’m wearing shoes. They aren’t very comfortable.

________________________________________________________________

4) We invited some people to dinner. They didn’t come.

________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the sentences. Use the information in the box.

I looked at a map we were waiting for a bus

I was sitting on a chair Linda is dancing with a man

you stayed at a hotel you were looking for some keys

they live in a house you spoke for some people

1) What’s the name of ____________________________________________

2) Who are the people ____________________________________________

3) Did you find the ______________________________________________

4) The ___________________________is too small for them?

5) The ___________________________wasn’t very clear.

6) I fell off _____________________________________________________

7) ______________________________ was very late.

8) Who is ______________________________________?

4. Read the sentences and complete the questions. Use … where …

1) John stayed at a hotel. You ask him:

Did you like the hotel ______________________________

2) Sue had dinner in a restaurant. You ask her:

What’s the name of the restaurant _______________________

3) Sarah lives in a village. You ask her:

Do you like _________________________________________

4) Richard works in a factory. You ask him:

How big ____________________________________________

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