Present Perfect

have/has + Past Participle (Participle II)

A We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:

• I’ve lost my passport. (I can’t find my passport now)

• “Where’s Linda?” “She’s gone to bed.” (she is in bed now)

• We’ve bought a new car. (we have a new car now)

• It’s Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present.

• “Bob is on holiday.” “Oh, where has he gone?”

• Can I take this newspaper? Have you finished with it?

1.1. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list.

break, buy, decide, finish, forget, go, go, invite, see, not/see, take, tell

1. “Can I have this newspaper?” “Yes, I’ve finished with it.”

2. I _____ some new shoes, Do you want to see them?

3. “Where is Liz?” “She _____ out.”

4. I’m looking for Paula. _____ you _____ her?

5. Look! Somebody _____ that window.

6. “Does Lisa know that you’re going away?” “Yes, I _____ her.”

7. I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody _____ it.

8. I’m looking for Sarah. Where _____ she _____?

9. I know that woman but I _____ her name.

10. Sue is having a party tonight. She _____ a lot of people.

11. What are you going to do? _____ you _____?

12. “Where are my glasses?” “I don’t know. I _____ them.”

B just = a short time ago

• A: Are Diane and Paul here?

B: Yes, they’ve just arrived.

• A: Are you hungry?

B: No, I’ve just had dinner.

• A: Is Tom here?

B: No, I’m afraid he’s just gone. (= he has just gone)

Calready = before you expected / before I expected

• A: What time are Diane and Paul coming?

B: They have already arrived. (= before you expected)

• It’s only nine o’clock and Ann has already gone to bed. (= before I expected)

• A: John, this is Mary.

B: Yes, I know. We’ve already met.

D I haven’t … yet / Have you … yet? yet = until now

You can use yet in negative and questions. Yet is usually at the end.

yet in negative sentences:

• A: Are Diane and Paul here?

B: No, they haven’t arrived yet. (but B expects them to arrive soon)

• A: Does John know that you’re going away?

B: No, I haven’t told him yet. (but B is going to tell him soon)

• Margaret has bought a new dress but she hasn’t worn it yet.

yet in questions:

• A: Have Diane and Paul arrived yet.

B: No, not yet. We’re still waiting for them.

• A: Has Linda started her new job yet?

B: No, she starts next week.

• A: This is my new dress.

B: Oh, it’s nice. Have you worn it yet?

Exercises.

1.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary.

Model: You (wash) the plates? – Yes, I …

Have you washed the plates? – Yes, I have.

You (see) him lately? – No, I …

Have you seen him lately? – No, I haven’t.

1. Where you (be)? – I (be) to the dentist.

2. You (have) breakfast? – Yes, I …

3. The post (come)? – Yes. It …

4. You (see) my watch anywhere? No, I’m afraid I…

5. Someone (wind) the clock? – Yes, Tom ….

6. I (not finish) my letter yet.

7. He just (go) out.

8. Someone (take) my bicycle.

9. The phone (stop) ringing.

10. You (hear) from her lately? – No, I …

11. I just (wash) that floor.

12. You (explain) the exercise? – Yes, I …

13. Charles (pass) his exam? – Yes. He …

14. Would you like some coffee? I just (make) some.

15. You (not make) a mistake? – No, I’m sure I …

16. I (ask) him to dinner several times.

17. We just (hear) the most extraordinary news.

A We use the present perfect (have been/ have had/ have played etc) when we talk about a time from the past until now – for example, a person’s life:

Have you ever been to Japan? (time from the past until now)

• “Have you ever been to France?” (in your life) “No, I haven’t.”

• I’ve been to Canada but I haven’t been to the United States.

• Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places.

• I’ve seen that woman before but I can’t remember where.

• How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?

• “Have you read this book?” “Yes, I’ve read it twice.”

B present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:

• “Has Ann ever been to Australia?” “Yes, once.”

• “Have you ever played golf?” “Yes, I often play golf.”

• My mother has never traveled by air.

• I’ve never ridden a horse.

• “Who is that man?” “I don’t know. I’ve never seen him before.”

C gone and been

“Where’s Bill?” “He’s away. He’s gone to Spain.” (= he is in Spain now)

“Hello, Bill.” “Hello. I’ve been on holiday. I’ve been to Spain.” (= he went to Spain but now he is back)

Compare:

• I can’t find Susan. Where has she gone? (=Where is she now?)

• Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?

Exercises.

1.1. You are asking Helen questions beginning with ‘Have you ever …?’

1. London? No, never.

2. play golf? Yes, many times.

3. Australia? No, never.

4. lose your passport? Yes, once.

5. fly in a helicopter? No, never.

6. eat Chinese food? Yes, a few times.

7. New York? Yes, twice.

8. drive a bus? No, never.

9. break your leg? Yes, once.

1.2. a) Write sentences about Helen (look at her answers).

1. New York

2. Australia

3. Chinese food

4. drive a bus

b) Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?

1. New York

2. play tennis

3. fly in a helicopter

4. lose a passport

1.3. Put in ‘gone or been’.

1. Bill is on holiday at the moment. He’s _____ to Spain.

2. “Where’s Jill?” “She’s not here. I think she’s _____ to the bank.”

3. Hello, Sue. Where have you ____? Have you _____ to the bank?

4. “Have you ever _____ to Mexico?” “No, never,”

5. My parents aren’t at home this evening. They’ve _____ out.

6. There’s a new restaurant in town. Have you ____ to it?

7. Ann knows Paris well. She’s _____ there many times.

8. Helen was here earlier but I think she’s _____ now.

D How long have you …?

Jill is on holiday in Ireland. She is there now.

She arrived in Ireland on Monday. Today is Thursday.

How long has she been in Ireland?

She has been to Ireland since Monday/ for three days.

Compare:

Present simple Present Perfect Simple

Mark and Liz are married. They have been married for five years.

Are you married? How long have you been married?

Do you know Sarah? How long have you known her?

I know Sarah. I’ve known her for a long time.

Linda lives in London. How long has she lived in London?

She has lived there all her life.

I have a car. How long have you had your car?

I’ve had it since April.

Present Continuous Present Perfect Continuous

I’m learning German. How long have you been learning German?

I’ve been learning German for two years.

David is watching TV. How long has he been watching TV?

He’s been watching YV since 5 o’clock.

It’s raining. It’s been raining all day.

Exercises.

1.1. Complete the sentences.

1. Jill is in hospital. She _____ in hospital since Monday.

2. I know Sarah. I ______ her for a long time.

3. Linda and Frank are married. They _____ married since 1989.

4. Brian is ill. He _____ ill for the last few days.

5. We live in Scott Road. We _____ there for ten years.

6. Catherine works in a bank. She _____ in a bank for five years.

7. Alan has a headache. He _____ a headache since he got up this morning.

8. I’m learning English. I _____ English for six months.

1.2. Make questions with ‘How long _____?’

1. Jill is on holiday. How long _________________

2. Mike and Judy are in Brazil.

3. I know Margaret.

4. Diana is learning Italian.

5. My brother lives in Canada.

6. I’m a teacher.

7. It is raining.

f or since ago

A We use for and since to say how long:

• Jill is in Ireland. She has been there for three days/ since Monday.

ago = before now

• Susan started her new job three weeks ago. (=three weeks before now)

• “When did Tom go out?” “Ten minutes ago.” (=ten minutes before now)

• I had dinner an hour ago.

• Life was very different a hundred years ago.

• We use ‘ago’ with the past (started/ did/ was etc.).

Compare ‘ago’ and ‘for’:

• When did Jill arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago.

• How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days.

Exercises.

1.1. Write ‘for’ or ‘since’:

1. Jill has been in Ireland _____ Monday.

2. Jill has been in Ireland _____ three days.

3. My aunt has lived in Australia _____ 15 years.

4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there _____ 7 o’clock.

5. India has been an independent country ______ 1947.

6. The bus is late. We’ve been waiting _____ 20 minutes.

7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _____ many years.

8. Mike has been ill ___ a long time. He has been in hospital ___ October.

2.2. Answer these questions. Use ‘ago’.

1. When was your last meal?

2. When was the last time you were ill?

3. When did you last go to the cinema?

4. When was the last time you were in a train?

5. When was the last time you went on holiday?

3.3. Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets (…) + ‘for’ or ‘ago’.

1. Jill arrived in Ireland _____ (three days)

2. Jill has been in Ireland _____ (three days)

3. Linda and Frank have been married _____ (20 years)

4. Linda and Frank got married ______ (20 years)

5. Dan arrived _____ (ten minutes)

6. We had lunch _____ (an hour)

7. Silvia has been learning English _____ (six months)

8. Have you known Lisa _____? (a long time)

9. I bought these shoes _____ (a few days)

3.4. Complete the sentences with ‘for’ or ‘since’.

1. Jill is in Ireland. She arrived there three days ago.

‘She has been there for three days.’

2. Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He has _____

3. It’s raining. It started an hour ago. It’s been _____

4. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I’ve _____

5. I have a camera. I bought it in 1989. I’ve _____

6. They are married. They got married six months ago. They’ve _____

7. Liz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago. She has ____

8. Dave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old. Dave has _____

3.5. Write sentences about yourself.

1. I’ve lived _____

2. I’ve been ______

3. I’ve been learning ______

4. I’ve been working ______

5. I’ve had _____

BPresent Perfect or Past Simple

C Compare:

Present Perfect Past Simple

• I have lost my key. (= I can’t find it now) • I lost my key yesterday.

• Bill has gone home. (=he isn’t here now) • Bill went home ten minutes ago.

• Have you seen Ann? (=where is she now?) • Did you see Ann on Saturday?

time until now finished time

• Have you ever been to Spain? • Did you go to Spain last year?

(= in your life, until now)

• My friend is a writer. • Shakespeare wrote many plays.

He has written many books.

• The letter hasn’t arrived yet. • The letter didn’t arrive yesterday.

• We’ve lived in Singapore for six years. • We lived in Glasgow for six years

(=we live there now) but now we live in Singapore.

Exercises.

1.1. Put the verb in the present perfect or past simple.

1. My friend is a writer. He _____ (write) many books.

2. We _____ (not/ have) a holiday last year.

3. I _____ (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.

4. What time _____ (you/ go) to bed last night?

5. _____ (you/ ever/ meet) a famous person?

6. The weather _____ (not/ be) very good yesterday.

7. My hair is wet. I _____ (just/ wash) it.

8. I_____ (wash) my hair before breakfast this morning,

9. Kathy travels a lot. She _____ (visit) many countries.

10. “Is Sonia here?” “No, she ______ (not/ come) yet.”

Passive Voice

A Compare active and passive:

Somebody cleans the office every day. The office is cleaned every day.

Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. The office was cleaned yesterday.

B The passive is:

past participle

resent simple am/ is/ are + cleaned done

past simple was/ were + invented built

injured taken

• Butter is made from milk.

• Oranges are imported into Britain,

• How often are these rooms cleaned?

• I am never invited to parties.

• This house was built 100 years ago.

• These houses were built 100 years ago.

• When was the telephone invented?

• We weren’t invited to the party last week.

• “Was anybody injured in the accident?”

“Yes, two people were taken to hospital.”

C was/ were born

• I was born in London.

• Where were you born?

D passive + by …

• We were woken up by a loud noise. (=The noise woke us up.)

• The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876.

• My brother was bitten by a dog last week.

Exercises.

1.1. Write sentences from these words. Sentences 1-7 are present.

1. the office/ clean/ every day

2. these rooms/ clean/ every day?

3. glass/ make/ from sand

4. stamps/ sell/ in a post office

5. this room/ not/ use/ very often

6. we/ allow/ to park/ here?

7. how/ this word/ pronounce?

Sentences 8-15 are past.

8. the office/ clean/ yesterday?

9. the house/ paint/ last month

10. three people/ injure/ in the accident

11. my bicycle/ steal/ a few days ago

12. when/ this bridge/ build?

13. you/ invite/ to the party last week?

14. how/ this windows/ break?

15. I/ not/ wake up/ by the noise

1.2. Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:

clean, damage, find, give, invite, make, show, steal, take

1. The room _____ every day.

2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people _______ hospital.

3. Paper _____ from wood.

4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms _____

5. “Where did you get this picture?” “It _____ to me by a friend of mine.”

6. Many American programmes _____ on British television.

7. “Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?” “No. They _____ but they didn’t go.”

8. “How old is this film?” “It _____ in 1965.”

9. My car _____ last week but the next day it _____ by the police.

1.3. Where were they born?

1. Ian/ Edinburgh

2. Sally/ Birmingham

3. her parents/ Ireland

4. you?

5. your mother?

Revision

1.1. Put in is/ are/ do/ does.

1. ___ you work in the evening?

2. Where ___ they going?

3. Why ___ you looking at me?

4. ___ Bill live near you?

5. ___ you like cooking?

6. What time ___ the shops close?

7. ___ Ann working today?

8. What ___ this word mean?

9. ____ you feeling all right?

1.2. Put in am not/ isn’t/ aren’t/ don’t/ doesn’t. All these sentences are negative.

1. Tom ___ work in the evening.

2. I’m very tired. I ___ want to go out this evening.

3. I’m very tired. I ___ going out this evening.

4. George ___ working this week, He’s on holiday.

5. My parents are usually at home. They ___ go out very often.

6. Barbara has traveled a lot but she ___ speak any foreign languages.

7. You can turn off the television. I ___ watching it.

8. There’s a party next week but we ___ going.

1.3. Put in was/ were/ did/ have/ has.

1. Where ___ your shoes made?

2. ___ you go out last night?

3. What ___ you doing at 10.30?

4. Where ___ your mother born?

5. ___ Barbara gone home?

6. What time ___ she go?

7. When ___ these houses built?

8. ___ Jim arrived yet?

9. Why ___ you go home early?

10. How long ___ they been married?

1.4. Put in is/ are/ was/ were/ have/ has.

1. Joe _____ lost his passport.

2. This bridge _____ built ten years ago.

3. _____ you finished your work yet?

4. This town is always clean. The streets _____ cleaned every day.

5. Where _____ you born?

6. I _____ just made some coffee. Would you like some?

7. Glass _____ made from sand.

8. This is a very old photograph. It _____ taken a long time ago.

9. Joe _____ bought a new car.

1.5. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form.

damage, eat, enjoy, go, go away, listen, open, pronounce, rain, understand, use

1. I’m going to take an umbrella with me. It’s _____.

2. Why are you so tired? Did you _____ to bed late last night.

3. Where are the chocolates? Have you _____ them all?

4. How is your new job? Are you _____ it?

5. My car was badly _____ in the accident but I was OK.

6. Chris has got a car but she doesn’t _____ it very often.

7. Mary isn’t at home. She has _____ for a few days.

8. I don’t _____ the problem. Can you explain it again?

9. Martin is in his room. He’s _____ to music.

10. I don’t know how to say this word. How is it _____?

11. How do you _____ this window? Can you show me?

1.6. Write the past simple/ past participle of these verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same for all verbs in this exercise.)

1. make 6. enjoy 11. hear

2. cut 7. buy 12. put

3. get 8. sit 13. catch

4. bring 9. leave 14. watch

5. pay 10. happen 15. understand

1.7. Write the past simple and past participle of these verbs.

1. break 6. run 11. take

2. begin 7. speak 12. go

3. eat 8. write 13. give

4. drink 9. come 14. throw

5. drive 10. know 15. forget

1.8. Put the verbs in the right form.

1. I ___ my hands because they were dirty. (wash)

2. Somebody has ___ this window. (break)

3. I feel good. I ___ very well last night. (sleep)

4. We ___ a very good film yesterday. (see)

5. It ___ a lot while we were on holiday. (rain)

6. I’ve ___ my bag. (lose) Have you ___ it? (see)

7. Rosa’s bicycle was ___ last week. (steal)

8. I ___ to bed early because I was tired. (go)

9. Have you ___ your work yet? (finish)

10. The shopping centre was ___ about 20 years ago. (build)

11. Ann ___ to drive when she was 18. (learn)

12. I’ve never ___ a horse. (ride)

13. Julia is a good friend of mine. I’ve ___ her for a long time. (know)

14. Yesterday I _____ and _____ my leg. (fall/ hurt)

1.9. Complete these sentences. Choose from the list and pt the verb into the correct form.

cost, drive, fly, make, meet, sell, speak, swim, tell, think, wake up, win

1. I have _____ some coffee. Would you like some?

2. Have you _____ John about your new job?

3. We played basketball on Sunday. We didn’t play very well but we _____

4. I know Gary but I’ve never _____ his wife.

5. We were _____ by loud music in the middle of the night.

6. Stephanie jumped into the river and _____ to the other side.

7. “Did you like the film?” “Yes, I _____ it was very good.”

8. Many different languages are _____ in the Philippines.

9. Our holiday _____ a lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel.

10. Have you ever _____ a very fast car?

11. All the tickets for the concert were _____ very quickly.

12. A bird _____ in through the open window while we were having our dinner.

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