By grammatical forms we understand variants of a word having the same lexical meaning but differing grammatically

There are the following ways of changing grammatical forms of words:

· The use of affixes as word changing morphemic elements added to the root of the word: e(s) (the plural of nouns, the possessive of nouns, the 3^rd person singular of Present Simple); ing (Present Participle, Gerund); er/est (Comparative and Superlative Degrees); ed (the Past Simple of the Indicative Mood, the Subjunctive Mood, Past Participle).

· Sound change as the use of different root sounds in grammatical forms of a word, which may be either consonants or vowels (e.g. speak – spoke, crisis – crises, write – wrote, wife – wives, analysis – analyses).

· Suppletivity as creating grammatical forms of a word coming from different roots (e.g. far – further, he – him, bad – worst, was – been).

· Analytical forms being made up of two components: a notional word used as an unchanged element carrying a lexical meaning and a structural changed grammatically but expressing no lexical meaning (e.g. will be reading, can sing, will be able to translate, would bring, less expensive, the most beautiful).

Grammatical forms being on the plane of expression (form) and possessing morphemic features, expressed either syntactically or analytically, convey certain grammatical meanings being on the plane of content (meaning) shaped in morphology as meanings of number, case, degree, voice, tense, etc. The system of grammatical forms of a word is called a paradigm with paradigmatic lines, the elements of which build up typically the so called privative morphological opposition based on a morphological differential feature (synthetical or analytical) present in its strong (marked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member. Compare: zero::Ved; zero::shall/willV; zero::Ving. Of minor types is an equipollent opposition (person forms of the verb ‘be’: am – is – are) and a gradual opposition (zero::adjer::adjest). Thus a grammatical paradigm is represented by the opposition of marked and non-marked members specifically connected with paradigmatic relations in order to express number, tense, mood, case, etc. The general grammatical meaning of two or more grammatical forms in a paradigm opposed to each other generates a grammatical category. The evidence is seen in the following examples:

the word forms ‘ student, book ’denote singularity, while ‘ books, students ’ denote plurality; as opposed to each other in the paradigmatic series, they have one grammatical meaning, that of number; thus the opposition of grammatical forms makes up the category of number;

the word forms ‘ swims, is working ’indicate reference to present including the moment of speaking, whereas ‘ swam, was working ’ indicate reference to past excluding the moment of speaking; and the opposition of grammatical forms in the paradigmatic series having the grammatical meaning of reference to the moment of speaking makes up the category of tense.

Taking into account the given assumptions, the grammatical category is defined as a system, expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms, analytical or synthetical, which makes the specific peculiarity of the language.

Key words:

levels of grammatical description уровни грамматического описания

constituent part конституирующая часть

grammatical system грамматическая система

grammatical formation of utterance грамматическая организация высказывания

grammatical structure of language грамматическая структура языка

coherent system целостная система

morpheme морфема

word слово

phrase фраза

sentence предложение

grammatical unit грамматическая единица

word form словоформа

morphological морфологический

categorical features категориальные признаки

parts of speech части речи

communicative unit коммуникативная единица

structural unit структурная единица

nominative unit номинативная единица

segmental сегментный

Morphology Морфология

Syntax Синтаксис

subject matter предмет изучения

paradigm парадигма

grammatical structure of language грамматическая структура языка

synthetical ситетический

analytical аналитический

inflection инфлексия

affixation аффиксация

suppletivity суплетивизм

grammatical form грамматическая форма

grammatical meaning грамматическое значение

grammatical category грамматическая категория

functional words функциональные слова

auxiliary вспомогательный глагол

article артикль

preposition предлог

fixed word order фиксированный порядок слов

grammatical relations грамматические отношения

Number Число

Case Падеж

Aspect Вид

Degrees of comparison Степени сравнения

root of the word корень слова

plural множественное число

possessive притяжательный падеж

3^rd person singular 3 лицо ед. число

sound change чередование

analytical form аналитическая форма

notional word знаменательное слово

paradigmatic line парадигматический ряд

privative morphological opposition привативная морфологическая оппозиция

strong (marked) member сильный\маркированный компонент

weak(unmarked)member слабый\немаркированный компонент

equipollent opposition эквиполентная оппозиция

gradual opposition последовательная оппозиция

paradigmatic relations парадигматические отношения

tense грамматическое время

mood наклонение

case падеж

singularity единичность

plurality множественность

reference соотнесенность

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