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Syntagmatic connections in word-groups: types of syntactic relations
Syntactic relations constitute a universal feature and are realized depending on the level of a word-phrase and a sentence. Word-forms having grammatical distinctions form various syntagmatic groupings based on dominational and equipotent connection. Domination is constructed in such a way that finds its realization in the two types: one-way domination and two-way domination. In the one-way domination one constituent is principal, dominating, called a head-word, the other is subordinate, dominated, called an adjunct-word. This structure forms syntactic relations of subordination which falls into the two main divisions: objective subordinate connections; qualifying subordinate connections. The first unites the process with the object – direct ( e.g. visit a friend, make a call, attended the conference, answer a question) or indirect ( e.g. gave him a gift, will write a letter to a friend, explained the rule to me, brings books for the sister).
Qualifying connections are of attributive and adverbial type. Attributive connections unite a thing with its attribute either restrictive ( e.g. an interesting story, a pretty girl, an exciting trip) or non-restrictive (e.g. a young woman, a ten-dollar-note, a wooden box, a blue colour). Adverbial connection is established between the process and its modifiers or adverbial modifiers such as time, place, manner, intensity, result, reason ( e.g. is held tomorrow, arrived at the airport, sings beautifully, terribly interesting, too young to smoke, delayed because of the weather). So subordinate relations build up word-groups as secondary parts of the sentence which are otherwise called complements represented by attributes as noun complements, object and adverbial modifiers as verb complements.
The bilateral or two-way domination creates a predicative connection of words occupying the position of subject and predicate by forming predicative syntactic relations, which occur between the process including action, state, feeling and its subject either personal or impersonal ( e.g. he is running, they live, we have admired, it rained, it is interesting). Thus predicative relations make up the predication consisting of the principal parts of sentence: subject and predicate and are of the subtypes: Primary Predicative Relations and Secondary Predicative Relations. Primary predication finds its realization in the position of subject and predicate in two-member sentences. Secondary predicative relations are formed by verbals inside infinitival, participial and gerundial complexes: e.g. the nominative absolute participle construction (e.g. We could not go on with the work all the figures being checked. I had to ask for further details, some particulars missing); the objective and subjective with the infinitive/participle constructions ( e.g. I want him to study Arts. He is reported to have made a speech at the conference. I saw her crying. They were heard laughing); gerundial complexes ( e.g. We insisted on taking the exam on Monday. Can we rely on your assistant’s doing it? It’s no use their complaining about it.)
The third syntagmatic grouping of words is constituted by word-forms related to one another on an equal rank, making up so called equipotent or coordinative combinations. It means that domination is missing and words occupy syntactically equal positions which are expressed either syndetically with conjunctions, prepositions, or asyndetically with punctuation, word order, intonation:e.g. kept silent and listened; met but had no talk; playing, chatting, laughing.
Subordinate, predicative, coordinate syntactic relations determine distinguishing three types of word-phrases: subordinate phrases as binary structures in which one of its constituents is syntactically the leading element originating such subordinate relations as objective, attributive and adverbial modifying;subject and predicate, being explicit or implicit, are united by predicative relations which form predicative phrases; coordinate syntactic relations build up together immediate constituents of coordinate phrases consisting of two or more syntactically equivalent homogeneous elements.
4.3. Syntactic relations and ways of their expression
So words are syntagmatically connected by the grammatical syntactical relations which have grammatical means of expression in a word-phrase and the sentence in general. R igid word order in English serves as a basic means of indicating commonly syntactic relation in the structure. Due to the scarcity of morphological devices, English has developed a fixed word order which in most cases shows without fail the syntactic position of a word in a syntactic unit. That is why, in the English sentence the following rules are observed: the subject precedes the predicate; the noun is modified by the preceding attribute; the object follows the predicate; the adverbial modifier begins the sentence or stands at the end of it; homogeneous members follow each other.
Word order combined with intonation serves as a means of indicating the logical centre of the sentence, highlighting the syntactic status of its constituents. Syntactic relations may be also indicated by structural words, special connectors (prepositions or conjunctions): e.g. ‘ Peter and Mary’ – shows the connecting conjunction ‘and’; ‘ the owner of the house’ –the connection preposition ‘of’; the relations between ‘the children were laughing merrily’ are indicated not only by the order of the respective positions but also by inflexions – the agreement of their grammatical forms in person and plural.
Above all, a specific function is performed by agreement (or concord) based on formal correspondence between members of a syntactic group in person and number (e.g. this book – these books/that, those); the predicate must agree with the subject in person and number as well (e.g. radio and television have changed; the butter is; either Tom or Harry is coming; there is plenty of time; the police were); government based on changes when traditionally the object is to take the form required by the governing element, normally, a verb or a preposition (e.g. I saw him. I am his brother. We rely on them. He is John’s father) and adjoinment based on the adjoining position of two words joined by the common grammatical function and meaning ( e.g. a nice story, the country, rapidly recovered, valuable natural resources).
To summarize, relevant features concern not only types of syntactic relations between members of syntactic groups, but also ways of their expression which do exist with different degree of their realization such as: word order, function words, agreement, government, adjoinment, punctuation and intonation.
Key words:
categorial features as part of speech категориальные признаки как части речи
word-forms слово-формы
syntagmatically arranganged синтагматически построены
word-phrase слово-фраза
sentence as a communicative unit предложение как коммуникативная единица
communicative purpose коммуникативная целеустановка
Minor Syntax Малый Синтаксис
Hyper Syntax Гиперсинтаксис
syntactic connection синтаксическая связь
syntactic relations синтаксические отношения
means of expression средства выражения
forms of predication формы предикации
sentence as a predicative syntactic unit предложение как предикативная синтаксическая единица
syntactic unit синтаксическая единица
syntactic constants of the syntactic level синтаксические константы синтаксического уровня
syntactic means синтаксические средства связи
predication\predicative centre предикация, предикативность\предикативный центр
syntagmatic connections синтагматическая связь
types of syntactic relations типы синтаксических отношений
syntagmatic groupings синтагматически связанная группа слов
dominational connection синтаксическая связь с подчинением
equipotent connection синтаксическая связь с эквивалентностью
one-way domination односторонняя подчинительная связь
two-way domination двусторонняя подчинительная связь
principal\dominating главный\определяющий зависимость
head-word главное слово
subordinate\dominated подчиненный\зависимый
adjunct-word слово-адьюнкт\зависимое
subordination подчинение
objective subordinate connections объектная подчинительная связь
qualifying subordinate connections квалификативная подчинительная связь
direct object прямой объект
indirect object непрямой\косвенный объект
attributive type аттрибутивный тип
adverbial type адвербиальный тип
attribute restrictive определение ограничительное
аttribute non-restrictive определение неограничительное
adverbial modifier обстоятельство
subordinate relations подчинительные отношения
secondary parts of sentence второстепенные члены предложения
noun complements комплименты существительного
verb complements комплименты глагола
bilateral\two-way domination двусторонняя подчинительная связь
predicative connection предикативная связь
predicative syntactic relations предикативные синтаксические отношения
subject personal подлежащее личное
subject impersonal подлежащее безличное
predication предикация\предикативность
principal parts of sentence главные члены предложения
Primary Predicative Relations предикативные отношения первичного уровня
Secondary Predicative Relations предикативные отношения вторичного уровня
two-member sentence двусоставное предложение
equipotent\coordinative connections сочинительная связь на основе синтаксической эквивалентности
syntactically equal positions синтаксически эквивалентные позиции
syndetically expressed союзно формально выраженная связь
asyndetically expressed бессоюзная связь
coordinate syntactic relations сочинительные синтаксические отношения
subordinate phrases фразы с подчинением
objective subordinate relations объектные подчинительные отношения
attributive subordinate relations атрибутивные подчинительные отношения
adverbial modifying subordinate relations обстоятельственные подчинительные отношения
subject подлежащее
predicate сказуемое
explicit эксплицитное\формально выраженное как подлежащее или сказуемое
implicit имплицитное\не выраженное как подлежащее или сказуемое
predicative relations предикативные отношения
predicative phrases предикативные фразы
coordinate syntactic relations сочинительные синтаксические отношения
coordinate phrases фразы с сочинением
homogeneous однородные
grammatical means of expression грамматические средства выражения синтаксических отношений
rigid\fixed word order фиксированный порядок слов
agreement of grammatical forms\concord согласование грамматических форм
government управление
adjoinment примыкание
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