Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner, best known for his discovery of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs. In 1922, during his work on the bacteriology of septic wounds, he discovered lysozyme, a ferment found in many animal tissues and secretions which attacks bacteria. He was already much preoccupied with the problem of discovering anti-bacterial agents that were not toxic or harmful to the living organism.

Fleming discovered penicillin by mistake when he was trying to study Staphylococcus bacteria in 1928. He was running experiments with the bacteria in his laboratory at London's St. Mary's Hospital, and set a laboratory dish containing the bacteria near an open window. Upon returning to the experiment, he found that some mould blown in through the open window onto the dish, contaminating the bacteria.

Instead of throwing away his spoiled experiment, Fleming looked closely at it under his microscope. Surprisingly, he saw not only the mould growing on the bacteria, but a clear zone around the mould. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon.

He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria.

Fleming called this substance penicillin. It is of the same family of moulds that often appear on dry bread.

But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production.

In 1942 Fleming tried his own first experiment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment.

However, it was not until World War II that penicillin, the first antibiotic, was finally isolated by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945, for their discovery which revolutionized medicine and led to the development of lifesaving antibiotics.

Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. He was elected professor of the medical school in 1928 and emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of London in 1948. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. He said: “Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it.”

Fleming died on 11 March 1955.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. What was Alexander Fleming?

2. When was he born?

3. What was he interested in during his work at one of the hospitals in London?

4. How did he develop penicillin?

5. What did Fleming determine by means of his experiments?

6. What marked the beginning of penicillin treatment?

7. How was Fleming honoured?

8. When did Alexander Fleming died?

Exercise 8. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Відкрити пеніцилін; фермент, знайдений в багатьох тканинах тварин; атакувати бактерії; відкривати антибактеріальні речовини; живі організми; заражати бактерії; проводити експерименти з бактеріями в своїй лабораторії; цвіль, що росте на бактерії; вбивати шкідливі бактерії; дослідницька робота; випробувати свій власний експеримент; перший антибіотик; привести до розвитку; лікування пеніциліном; виникати на сухому хлібі; вирішити проблеми.

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their explanations:

Exercise 10. Guess the name of antiseptics according to their definitions:

Alcohol, Brilliant Green, Boric acid, Eucalyptus, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine, Tea Tree Oil

Exercise 11. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term “penicillin”:

1. It is used in the treatment or prevention of many different bacterial infections, usually caused by Gram-positive organisms.

2. Alexander Fleming re-discovered its antibiotic properties in 1928.

3. Penicillins were originally discovered by Ernest Duchesne (a medical student) in the late 19th Century.

4. Originally, penicillin is an antibiotic substance obtained from cultures of the molds Penicillium notatum.

5. He realized this when a sample of a certain bacteria (Staphylococcus) became contaminated by some mold (Penicillium fungi) and that all bacteria cells closest to the mold were dying.

Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form using Continuous Active Tenses. Translate sentences:

1. “What (to be) you doing now?” - “I (to be) preparing for my credit test in Physics.”

2. Yesterday from 2 till 6 o'clock we (to be) working at our scientific laboratory.

3. When I was at my sister's at 4 p.m. yesterday she (to be) learning Latin.

4. Tomorrow at 5 p.m. I (to be) preparing a lecture.

5. We (to take) the examination at ten o'clock yesterday.

6. They (not to carry out) an experiment at the moment.

7. While rector (to make) his speech all students (to listen) to him with great attention.

8. Tomorrow I (to write) my article for conference when you come.

Evercise 12. Underline the correct form of the verb:

1. Victor is working/works in the pathology lad at the City Hospital.

2. What do you usually do/are you usually doing in case of flu?

3. While my mother was calling in a doctor, my brother cries/was crying.

4. He is testing/tests blood to look for bacteria and parasites.

5. Most day she is analysing/analyses samples and is carrying/carries out tests on blood.

6. Usually he enjoys/is enjoying his work even though sometimes he works/is working night shifts and weekends.

7. He is also counting/counts blood cells and is matching/matches blood for transfusions.

8. Today Victor is examining/examines body fluids under the microskope.

Exercise 13. Translate sentences into English:

1. Зараз микробіолог вивчає інформацию про нові бактерії..

2. Вчора в цей час наша група відвідувала анатомічний театр.

3. Викладач екзаменує студента в цей час.

4. Вони не проводимуть експерименти у вівторок о третій годині.

5. Я готувалася до іспиту з физиології, коли викладач зайшов до аудиторії.

6. В данний час я йду на курси для медсестер.

7. В цей час наступного понеділка ми будемо представляти нові ліки на щорічній конференції.

8. Вона буде здавати кров на аналіз завтра о дев'ятій годині.

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.

2. Alexander Fleming made a brilliant career at St Mary's Hospital.

3. In 1928 he discovered penicillin.

4. Florey and Chain reinvestigated its properties and preparation.

5. Fleming received many British and foreign honours in recognition of his discoveries.

6. Penicillins were one of the first drugs used to treat diseases such as syphilis.

7. Alexander Fleming died suddenly on March 11th in 1955.

8. Не was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences:

In 1941, a doctor, Charles Fletcher, at a hospital in Oxford (to hear) of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's work. He (to have) a patient who (to be) near to death as a result of bacteria getting into a wound. Fletcher (to use) some of Chain’s and Florey’s penicillin on the patient and the wound (to make) a spectacular recovery. Unfortunately, Fletcher did not have enough penicillin to fully rid the patient’s body of bacteria and he (to die) a few weeks later as the bacteria took a hold. However, penicillin (to show) what it could do. The only reason the patient did not survive was because they did not have enough of the drug - not that it did not work.

Florey (to get) an American drugs company to mass produce it and by June 6th 1944, enough (to be available) to treat all the bacterial infections that broke out among the troops. Penicillin got nicknamed "the wonder drug".

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Divide the words into two columns – nouns and adjectives. Translate them into your native language:

Example: heart (n) – cardiac (adj), neck (n) – cervical (adj).

Facial, spinal, pelvis, lung, basic, neck, anatomical, buccal, palate, extremity, skull, nasal, surface, cranial, cheek, cervical, renal, tongue, pulmonary, liver, trunk, lingual, mouth, cardiac, oral, kidney, palatine, hepatic, tongue, pelvic.

Exercise 3. Read the following word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

Injury: occupational injury, sports injury, intentional injury, soft tissue injury, brain injury, the cause of injury. He escaped from the accident without injury.

To breathe: to breathe in, to breathe out, to breathe easily/freely, to breathe one’s last, a natural fabric that breathes.Give me a moment to breathe. Don't breathe a word of this.

Surface: outer surface, interior surface, facial surface, buccal surface, masticatory surface, lingual surface, superficial.

Extremity: upper extremity, lower extremity, complex extremity trauma. it is important to keep the extremities warm. Extremity angiography is a test used to see the arteries in the hands, arms, feet or legs.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Human body

The human body refers to the entire structure of a human being and comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), and limbs (extremities). Every part of the body is composed of various types of cells.

The principal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and limbs (extremities).

The head consists of 2 parts: the skull contains the brain and the face including the forehead, the eyes, nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes that grow along the edge of the eyelids. There are the eyebrows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the organ of sight.

The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe.

The ear includes 3 principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.

The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue which is the organ of taste, teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth.

The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The principal organs in the chest are the lungs, the heart and the esophagus (gullet).

The lower part of the trunk called abdomen consists of the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the intestines, the kidneys, the gallbladder and the bladder.

The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back.

The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

When we speak of the upper extremity we mean the arm. The upper extremity connected with the chest by the shoulder consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. We have 5 fingers on each hand. A short finger set apart from the other is called the thumb. The lower extremity called the leg consists of the hip (thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. The foot is composed of the toes, the heel, the sole and the arch. The nail is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles.

The body is covered with the skin.

Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:

Орган зору, мозок, спина, брови, коліно та щиколотка, серце та легені, ступня, бути вкритим шкірою, шлунок та кишечник, зап’ясток та кисть, стегно, захищати органи від ушкоджень, нирки та селезінка, поверхня тіла, тверде та м’яке піднебіння, нижня кінцівка, сідниці, орган нюху, на краях повік.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1.What are the principal parts of the human body?

2.What does the face include?

3.What is the organ of taste?

4.Where do eyelashes grow?

5.What do we breathe through?

6.What are the principal organs in the chest?

7.What does the upper/lower extremity consist of?

8.What supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury?

Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the proper words:

1.The bones are covered with….

2.When we speak of the upper extremity we mean ….

3.The … is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

4.The upper part of the trunk is the ….

5.The head is connected with the … by the neck.

6.The … is the organ of taste.

7.The mouth has 2 …: the upper … and the lower ….

8.The nose is the organ of … through which we breathe.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences:

1. The skull contains....

2. The face consists of....

3. The ear consists of....

4. The head is connected with the trunk by....

5. The chest contains....

6. The abdomen contains....

7. The part of the body from the shoulder to the wrist is called....

8. The framework of bones is called....

9. The upper extremity consists of....

10. The lower extremity consists of....

Exercise 9. Put the questions to the underlined parts of the sentences:

1. Some strange spots have covered both his palms and feet.

2. His tongue was dry and white.

3. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder.

4. Eyelashes protect the eye from entering of foreign bodies.

5. All human beings have five fingers on each hand.

6. Each toe consists of three phalanx bones.

7. The skin covered by your nail is called a nail bed.

8. During the last winter, doctors have noted a great number of broken ankles.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correсt form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The woman’s heart (to be) slightly enlarged.

2. Wrist pain with bruising and swelling can (to be) a sign of injury.

3. Breastfeeding (to lower) the baby's risk of having asthma or allergies.

4. Indigestion and heartburn (to be) the most common stomach problems.

5. Dislocation (to occur) when the bones of the knee are out of place, either completely or partially.

6. The Achilles tendon (to connect) the calf muscle with the heel bone.

7. In this female a severe heart disease (to follow) by dyspnea.

8. He (hurt) his back playing tennis.

Exercise 11. Fill the blanks with prepositions:

1. There are eyebrows … our eyes.

2. The nose is the organ … smell … which we breathe.

3. The head is connected … the trunk … the neck.

4. The teeth are located … the mouth.

5. We have 5 fingers … each hand.

6. The skeleton protects the organs … injury.

7. The body is covered … the skin.

8. A short finger set apart … the other is called the thumb.

Exercise 12. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to get some additional information about a human body:

1. Out of these 78 organs of a male or female body, skin is the largest organ.

2. Other major organs of the body have their names, location and functions.

3. The major organ in the body of human beings is the brain.

4. There are almost 78 organs in a human body which have various sizes, functions or actions.

5. The cells in the body organs are highly specialized.

6. An organ is a collection of millions of cells which group together to perform single functions in our body.

Exercise 13. Speak about a human body according to such points:

· basic parts of the human body;

· vital organs of the human body.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading:

c - [s] before e, i, y – place, cell, acid, circulatory, process, accessory, excess, maintenance

c - [k] except before e, i, y - ducts, carbon, activity, contribute, endocrine, pancreas, excrete

g – [ʤ] before e, i, y – age, agent, oxygen, digestion, ingestion, digestive, cartilage, charged

g - [g] except before e, i, y - group, gland, gauze, organism, aggregation, ligament, regulatory

Exercise 3. Pronounce correctly and translate:

Associated [ə'səʊʃɪeɪtɪd]; skeleton ['skelɪt(ə)n]; circulatory ['sɜ:kjʊlətərɪ]; digestive [dai'ʤestɪv]; respiratory [rɪs'paɪərətərɪ]; electrolyte [ɪ'lektrə(ʊ)lait; urinary ['ju(ə)rɪn(ə)rɪ]; endocrine ['endəʊkr(a)ɪn]; musculoskeletal [mʌskjʊləʊ'skɛlɪtəl]; undigested [ʌndai'ʤgestɪd]; material [mə'tɪ(ə)rɪəl]; Helicobacter pylori [ ˎhelikə 'bæktə pai 'lɔ:rai]; isolation [ais(ə)'leiʃ(ə)n]; ion ['aiən]; adenoids ['ædɪ'noidz]; regulatory ['reɡjəleit(ə)ri]; homeostasis [həʊmiəʊ'steisis]

Exercise 4. Guess the meaning:

Amino acids, electrolytes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, to stabilize, ions, aggregation, homeostasis, absorption, pH level, reproductive, nervous, urethra, molecules, to circulate, to transport, fluid, lymph, thymus, adenoids, regulatory, immune, tonsils, arterioles, Helicobacter pylori.

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations:

Cardiovascular system, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular care unit

Digestive system, digestive juice, digestive tract, digestive disorders; digestive apparatus

Endocrine system, endocrine glands, endocrine cell, endocrine control, endocrine secretion

Lymphatic system, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic ducts, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic channel

Muscular system, muscular exercises, muscular tissue, muscular layer, muscular rigidity

Nervous system, nervous impulse, nervous tissue, nervous force, nervous breakdown

Reproductive system, reproductive organs, reproductive sex hormones, reproductive tract

Respiratory system, respiratory airway, respiratory flow rate, respiratory volume

Urinary system, urinary calculus, urinary obstruction, urinary nitrogen, urinary discomfort

Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

System of the body; a group of organs; to perform a certain task; the maintenance of homeostasis; functional collections of tissue; to work in isolation; at equilibrium; the well-being of the person; the integumentary system the interacting body systems; a complex information system; receiving, processing, and communicating information; to transport nutrients; to fight diseases; accessory organs; to be responsible for food ingestion and digestion; the elimination of undigested materials; the lymph fluid; to stabilize body temperature and pH; a variety of waste molecules; lymph nodes.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

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