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Systems of the Body
System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. The human body consists of many interacting systems. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis (a physiological process by which the internal systems of the body such as blood pressure, body temperature and acid-base balance are maintained at equilibrium) of itself, other systems, and the entire body. A system consists of two or more organs, which are functional collections (aggregation) of tissue. Systems do not work in isolation, and the well-being of the person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems.
The major systems of the human body are as follows: the musculoskeletal, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the reproductive and other systems.
The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement.
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information.
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilizing body temperature and pH level, and maintaining homeostasis.
The human digestive system consists of a long muscular tube and several accessory organs such as the salivary glands, pancreas and gall bladder. It is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. It brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes water from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.
The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.
The lymphatic system is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that make and move lymph from tissues to the bloodstream. The lymph system is a major part of the body's immune system. It includes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes make immune cells that help the body fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells.
Exercise 8. Answer the questions:
1. What are the major body systems of the human?
2. What is the main contribution of each system?
3. What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?
4. What system helps us to receive, process, and communicate information?
5. What is the main function of the circulatory system?
6. What system is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials?
7. What organs does the urinary system include?
8. What body system brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air?
9. What physiological process helps to maintain the internal systems of the body at equilibrium?
10. What does the well-being of any person depend upon?
Exercise 9. Match English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use them in the sentences of your own:
| 1. acid-base balance 2. the ability for movement 3. attached muscles 4. the salivary glands 5. absorption of food 6. the air passages 7. to excrete carbon dioxide 8. to produce urine 9. a network of organs 10. H. pylori 11. to filter the lymph fluid 12. a clear-to-white fluid | a) поглинання їжі b) фільтуватир лімфу c) гелікоба́ктер піло́рі d) виділяти вуглекислий газ e) виробляти сечу f) дихальні шляхи g) прозора біла рідина h) прикріплені м'язи i) кислотно-лужний баланс j) слинні залози k) сітка органів l) здатність рухатися |
Exercise 10. Find the organs corresponding to the following human body systems:
| Lymphatic system | the heart, blood and blood vessels |
| Musculoskeletal system | a muscular tube, the salivary glands, pancreas and gall bladder |
| Reproductive system | the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract and adrenal glands |
| Digestive system | skin, hair, nails, sweat and other exocrine glands |
| Nervous system | lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels |
| Integumentary system | bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscles |
| Respiratory system | brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors |
| Urinary system | ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina//bladder, prostate, urethra, penis, testicles |
| Cardiovascular system | the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration |
| Endocrine system | the kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra |
Exercise 11. Match the terms with their definitions:
| 1. digestion 2. pylorus 3. indigestion 4. electrolyte 5. homeostasis 6. chyme | a) the thick fluid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach; b) a chemical compound that dissociates in solution into ions; c) the maintenance of metabolic equilibrium within the human body by a tendency to compensate for disrupting changes; d) the small circular opening at the base of the stomach through which partially digested food (chyme) passes to the duodenum; e) difficulty in digesting food, accompanied by abdominal pain, heartburn, and belching; f) the act or process in living organisms of breaking down ingested food material into easily absorbed and assimilated substances by the action of enzymes and other agents. |
Exercise 12. Translate into English:
Система організму людини; кістково-м'язова система (опорно-руховий апарат); група органів; виконувати певне завдання; серцево-судинна система; підтримання гомеостазу; травна система; функціональні агрегації тканин; працювати окремо; здоров’я людини; взаємодіючі системи організму; респіраторна система; складна інформаційна система; розлад травлення; приймати, обробляти і передавати інформацію; поживні речовини; бороться з хворобами; додаткові органи; сечовидільна система; нести відповідальність; ковтати їжу; процес травлення; неперетравлена їжа; лімфатична рідина; стабілізація температури тіла; ряд молекул; продукти життєдіяльності (виділення); лімфатичні вузли; покривна система людини.
Exercise 13. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:
1. The term гомеостаз refers to a system that regulates its internal environment and maintains a stable, relatively constant condition.
2. Many взаємодіючих систем and mechanisms act to maintain the human's internal environment.
3. The nervous system receives information from the body and transmits this to головний мозок via neurotransmitters.
4. The endocrine system may release hormones to help regulate кров’яний тиск та об’єм.
5. Cell metabolism may help підтримати the blood's pH.
6. The digestive (or gastrointestinal) system, extending from the mouth to the anus, відповідає за receiving and digesting food and excreting waste.
7. The cardiovascular system, including серце та кровоносні судини is responsible for pumping and circulating the blood.
8. Hormones travel to other organs through кровотік and regulate the function of those organs, for example, the thyroid gland produces thyroid гормон, which controls the metabolic rate and підшлункова залоза produces insulin, which controls the use of sugar.
Exercise 14. Match the following systems of the human body with the functions they perform:
| 1. Respiratory system | -largest sensory organ -vitamin D syntheses -protects deeper tissue -regulates fluid and blood loss | |||||||||||
| 2. Reproductive system | -stores calcium -framework for the body -protects vital organs -produces red blood cells | |||||||||||
| 3. Integumentary system | -generates heat -creates movement -maintains posture -uses energy | |||||||||||
| 4. Muscular system | -portions of many different systems that fight disease | |||||||||||
| 5. Endocrine system | -maintains fluid balance to defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes | |||||||||||
| 6. Urinary system | -transportation of nutrients and gas waste -supports immune function | |||||||||||
| 7. Digestive system | -gets rid of nitrogenous waste out of blood -regulates electrolytes, fluid and pH balance | |||||||||||
| 8. Lymphatic system | -breaks down food into the building blocks for the body | |||||||||||
| 9. Cardiovascular system | -portions moistens and heats air -gas exchange | |||||||||||
| 10. Skeletal system | -sensory input -interpretation of input or thought -elicits and signals responses -coordination of muscles | |||||||||||
| 11. Immune system | -secrets hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and general body function | |||||||||||
| 12. Nervous system | - production offspring -production of hormones | |||||||||||
Exercise 15.* Open the brackets and insert the prepositions where it is necessary. Translate into native language:
| with; of; without; between; by; on |
Homeostasis
Homeostasis (to be) the term used to describe how the body maintains its normal composition and functions. Because organ systems communicate … each other, the body (to be able) to maintain stable amounts … internal fluids and substances. Also, the organs neither underwork nor overwork, and each organ (to facilitate) the functions … every other organ.
Communications to maintain homeostasis (to occur) … means …the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Special chemicals called transmitters (to carry) … the communications.
The autonomic nervous system largely controls the complex communication network that regulates bodily functions. This part … the nervous system functions … a person's thinking about it and without much noticeable indication that it is working. Transmitters called neurotransmitters (to conduct) messages … parts … the nervous system and between the nervous system and other organs.
Exercise 16. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle I and Participle II:
1. The patient admitted to the hospital was a 45-year-old female.
2. The fibers of tissues composing the alveoli enable the lungs to dilate.
3. The inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs.
4. The blood carrying to the lungs is called venous blood.
5. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient.
6. The number of the vertebrae forming the coccyx may be from one to five.
7. The lecture delivered yesterday interested everybody.
8. The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt badly.
Exercise 17. Read and translate the sentences choosing the proper Participle:
1. System of the body is a group of organs (working/worked) together to perform a certain task.
2. The bottom of the thoracic cavity (forming/formed) by the diaphragm plays a leading role in breathing.
3. The musculoskeletal system (consisting/consisted) of the bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscle gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement.
4. Arteries (dividing/ divided) into smaller vessels are called arterioles.
5. The circulatory system (permitting/ permitted) blood to circulate transports nutrients and helps to fight diseases.
6. The urinary system (removing/ removed) water from the blood produces urine carrying a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.
7. Bile (producing/produced) by the liver enters the duodenum through the common bile ducts.
8. Estrogen (involving/ involved) in the development of female sexual features such as breast growth accumulated the body fat around the hips and thighs.
Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined parts of the sentences:
1. The earliest operations on the pericardium taken place in the 19th century were performed by Romero and Dalton.
2. The immune system will respond to Helicobacter by sending white cells, killer T cells and other infection-fighting agents to restore it.
3. The gas moving through the larynx, pharynx and mouth allows humans to speak, or phonate.
4. In 1956, Forssmann and Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries.
5. Some neurologists have just examined the patient with the severe disturbed brain circulation.
6. Disorders of the respiratory system are usually treated internally by a pulmonologist and respiratory therapist.
7. In 1242, the Arabian physician became the first person accurately described the process of pulmonary circulation.
8. All additional investigations in order to maintain acid-base balance will have been completed by our immunologists by next week.
Exercise 19.Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term ”Cистеми організму людини”:
“ Systems of the body”
1. System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.
2. The major systems of the human body are as follows: the musculoskeletal, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the reproductive and other systems.
3. As the systems do not work in isolation the well-being of each person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems.
4. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis of itself, other systems, and the entire body.
5. Homeostasis is a physiological process by which the internal systems of the body such as blood pressure, body temperature and acid-base balance are maintained at equilibrium.
Exercise 20. Translate into English using Vocabulary:
1. Орган - це анатомічно відокремлена частина організму, яка має певні форму, будову, розташування та функцію.
2. Органами є кістки, м’язи, залози, шлунок, легені, нирки і т. д., які формуються декількома видами тканин.
3. Всі органи забезпечені нервами, кровоносними і лімфатичними судинами.
4. Система органів руху, або апарат руху, об’єднує всі кістки, їх сполуки і скелетні м’язи.
5. Травна система об’єднує органи для прийому їжі, її механічної та хімічної переробки, всмоктування поживних речовин і виведення залишків неперетравлених часточок їжі.
6. Дихальна система – це система органів, за допомогою яких відбувається газообмін між організмом і зовнішнім середовищем.
7. Сечовидільна система – це система органів виділення кінцевих продуктів обміну і виведення їх з організму.
8. Саме ці три системи органів – це травна, дихальна та сечовидільна – забезпечують обмін речовин між організмом і зовнішнім середовищем.
9. Ендокринні залози, або залози внутрішньої секреції, – це органи, які синтезують і виділяють у кров і лімфу спеціальні хімічні речовини – гормони, що беруть участь в регуляції функцій організму.
10. Серцево-судинна система включає серце, кровоносні судини (артерії, капіляри, вени) і лімфатичні судини. Основна функція цієї системи – це обмін речовин всередині організму між усіма його органами та тканинами.
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