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ÃÚäì ÇáÕáÇÉ Úáì ÇáÑÓæá ãä ÇáãáÇÆßÉ æÇáÂÏãííä

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. ÃÝÖá ÇáÃãÉ ÈÚÏ ÇáÑÓæá Úáíå ÇáÓáÇã

æóÃóÔúåóÏõ Ãóäøó ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ ÚóÈúÏõåõ æóÑóÓõæáõåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì Âáöåö æóÕóÍúÈöåö æóÓóáøóãó ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ ãóÒöíÏðÇ.

æóÌóÚóáó ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó áöáÑøóÓõæáö r ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉö ãóÞúÑõæäóÉð ÈöÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉö áöáøóåö ÈöÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏöº áöáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäú ßõáøò ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ ÊõÛúäöí ÅöÍúÏóÇåõãóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÑóäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÐóÇäö¡ æóÝöí ÇáÊøóÔóåøõÏö.

æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { $uZ÷èsùu‘ur y7s9 x8tø.ÏŒ ÇÍÈ } ([18]): íóÚúäöí: áóÇ ÃõÐúßóÑõ ÅöáøóÇ ÐõßöÑúÊó ãóÚöí ([19]) æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÌóãóÚó áóåõ Èóíúäó æóÕúÝóíö ÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉöº áöÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÃóÚúáóì ãóÇ íõæÕóÝõ Èöåö ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ.

æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ: åöíó ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÎóáóÞó Çááøóåõ ÇáúÎóáúÞó áöÃóÌúáöåóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { $tBur àMø)n=yz £`Ågø:$# }§RM}$#ur žwÎ) Èbr߉ç7÷èu‹Ï9 ÇÎÏÈ } ([20]).

ÝóßóãóÇáõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö Ýöí ÊóÍúÞöíÞö Êöáúßó ÇáúÛóÇíóÉö¡ æóßõáøóãóÇ ÇÒúÏóÇÏó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ ÊóÍúÞöíÞðÇ áöáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉöº ÇÒúÏóÇÏó ßóãóÇáõåõ¡ æóÚóáóÊú ÏóÑóÌóÊõåõ¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøóåõ ÈöáóÞóÈö ÇáúÚóÈúÏö Ýöí ÃóÓúãóì ÃóÍúæóÇáöåö æóÃóÔúÑóÝö ãóÞóÇãóÇÊöåöº ßóÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö Èöåö¡ æóÞöíóÇãöåö ÈöÇáÏøóÚúæóÉö Åöáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁö Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÇáÊøóÍóÏøöí ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö.

æóäóÈøóåó ÈöæóÕúÝö ÇáúÚõÈõæÏöíøóÉö ÃóíúÖðÇ Åöáóì ÇáÑøóÏøö Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÛõáõæøö ÇáøóÐöíöäó ÞóÏú íóÊóÌóÇæóÒõæäó ÈöÇáÑøóÓõæáö r ÞóÏúÑóåõ¡ æóíóÑúÝóÚõæäóåõ Åöáóì ãóÑúÊóÈóÉö ÇáúÃõáõæåöíøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ ÖõáøóÇáõ ÇáÕøõæÝöíøóÉö ÞóÈøóÍóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÕóÍøó Úóäúåõ r Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: { áóÇ ÊõØúÑõæäöí ßóãóÇ ÃóØúÑóÊö ÇáäøóÕóÇÑóì ÇÈúäó ãóÑúíóãó¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏñ¡ ÝóÞõæáõæÇ: ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö æóÑóÓõæáõåõ } ([21]).

æóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉó ÊóÊóÖóãøóäõ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝó ÇáúÚóÈúÏö ÈößóãóÇáö ÚõÈõæÏöíøóÊöåö r áöÑóÈøöåö¡ æóßóãóÇáö ÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÝóÇÞó ÌóãöíÚó ÇáúÈóÔóÑö Ýöí ßõáøö ÎóÕúáóÉò ßóãóÇáõåõ.

æóáóÇ ÊóÊöãøõ åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóåóÇÏóÉõ ÍóÊøóì íõÕóÏøöÞóåõ ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó Èöåö¡ æóíõØöíÚóåõ Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑó Èöåö¡ æóíóäúÊóåöíó ÚóãøóÇ äóåóì Úóäúåõ.

ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Ýöí ÇááøõÛóÉö: ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõº ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { Èe@|¹ur öNÎgö‹n=tæ (¨bÎ) y7s?4qn=|¹ Ö`s3y™ öNçl°; 3 } ([22])¡ æóÃóÕóÍøõ ãóÇ Þöíáó Ýöí ÕóáóÇÉö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö åõæó ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí (ÕóÍöíÍöåö) Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö ÞóÇáó: (ÕóáóÇÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÑóÓõæáöåö: ËóäóÇÄõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö).

æóÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ Ãóäøó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ ßóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: { æóÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ íõÕóáøõæäó Úóáóì ÃóÍóÏößõãú ãóÇ ÏóÇãó Ýöí ãóÌúáöÓöåö ÇáøóÐöí Õóáøóì Ýöíåö¡ íóÞõæáõæäó: Çááøóåõãøó ÇÛúÝöÑú áóåõ¡ Çááøóåõãøó ÇÑúÍóãúåõ } ([23])¡ æóãöäó ÇáúÂÏóãöíøöíäó: ÇáÊøóÖóÑøõÚõ æóÇáÏøõÚóÇÁõ.

æóÂáõ ÇáÔøóÎúÕö åõãú ãóäú íóãõÊøõæäó Åöáóíúåö ÈöÕöáóÉò æóËöíÞóÉò ãöäú ÞóÑóÇÈóÉò æóäóÍúæöåóÇ.

æóÂáõåõ r íõÑóÇÏõ Èöåöãú ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ãóäú ÍóÑõãóÊú Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ¡ æóåõãú Èóäõæ åóÇÔöãò æóÈóäõæ ÇáúãõØøóáöÈö¡ æóíõÑóÇÏõ Èöåöãú ÃóÍúíóÇäðÇ ßõáøõ ãóäú ÊóÈöÚóåõ Úóáóì Ïöíäöåö.

æóÃóÕúáõ (Âáò): Ãóåúáñ¡ ÃõÈúÏöáóÊö ÇáúåóÇÁõ åóãúÒóÉð¡ ÝóÊóæóÇáóÊú åóãúÒóÊóÇäö¡ ÝóÞõáöÈóÊö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉõ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÃóáöÝðÇ¡ æóíõÕóÛøóÑõ Úóáóì Ãõåóíúáò Ãóæú Ãõæóíúáò¡ æóáóÇ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ ÅöáøóÇ ÝöíãóÇ ÔóÑõÝó ÛóÇáöÈðÇ¡ ÝóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: Âáõ ÇáúÅöÓúßóÇÝö æóÂáõ ÇáúÍóÌøóÇãö.

æóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÈöÇáÕøóÍúÈö ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõåõ r æóåõãú ßõáøõ ãóäú áóÞöíóåõ ÍóÇáó ÍóíóÇÊöåö ãõÄúãöäðÇ¡ æóãóÇÊó Úóáóì Ðóáößó.

æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ãöäú Óóáøóãó ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÈöãóÚúäóì ØóáóÈó áóåõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãóÉó ãöäú ßõáøö ãóßúÑõæåò¡ æóåõæ ÇÓúãñ ãöäú ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì¡ æóãóÚúäóÇåõ: ÇáúÈóÑóÇÁóÉõ æóÇáúÎóáóÇÕõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÞóÇÆöÕö æóÇáúÚõíõæÈö¡ Ãóæö ÇáøóÐöí íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö.

æó (ãóÒöíÏðÇ) ÕöÝóÉñ áöÜ (ÊóÓúáöíãðÇ)¡ æóåõæó ÇÓúãõ ãóÝúÚõæáò ãöäú (ÒóÇÏó) ÇáúãõÊóÚóÏøöí¡ æóÇáÊøóÞúÏöíÑõ: ãóÒöíÏðÇ Ýöíåö.


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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.003 ñåê.)