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×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. ÌõãúáóÉð ãöäú ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáÓøõáõæÈö ßäóÝúíõ ÇáÓøóãöíøö æóÇáúßõÝúÁö æÈóÚúÖó ÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßÇáúãõáúßö æóÇáúÍóãúÏö

(æóÞóæúáõåõ: { Iwöqs9ur øŒÎ) |Mù=yzyŠ y7tF¨Zy_ |Mù=è% $tB uä!$x© ª!$# Ÿw no§qè% žwÎ) «!$$Î/ 4 } ([84])¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: { öqs9ur uä!$x© ª!$# $tB (#qè=tGtGø%$# £`Å3»s9ur ©!$# ã@yèøÿtƒ $tB ߉ƒÌãƒ ÇËÎÌÈ } ([85]) æóÞóæúáõåõ: { ôM¯=Ïmé& Nä3s9 èpyJŠÍku5 ÉO»yè÷RF{$# žwÎ) $tB 4‘n=÷FムöNä3ø‹n=tæ uŽöxî ’Ìj?ÏtèC ωøŠ¢Á9$# öNçFRr&ur îPããm 3 ¨bÎ) ©!$# ãNä3øts† $tB ߉ƒÌãƒ ÇÊÈ } ([86])¡ æóÞóæúáõåõ: { `yJsù ϊ̍ムª!$# br& ¼çmtƒÏ‰ôgtƒ ÷yuŽô³o„ ¼çnu‘ô‰|¹ ÉO»n=ó™M~Ï9 (`tBur ÷ŠÌãƒ br& ¼ã&©#ÅÒムö@yèøgs† ¼çnu‘ô‰|¹ $¸)Íh‹|Ê %[`tym $yJ¯Rr'Ÿ2 ߉¨è¢Átƒ ’Îû Ïä!$yJ¡¡9$# 4 } ([87]).

Þóæúáõåõ: { Iwöqs9ur øŒÎ) |Mù=yzyŠ } ([88])..) ÅöáóÎú¡ åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÇÊõ ÏóáøóÊú Úóáóì ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÕöÝóÊóíö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö æóÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉö¡ æóÇáäøõÕõæÕõ Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÇ ÊõÍúÕóì ßóËúÑóÉð.

æóÇáúÃóÔóÇÚöÑóÉõ íõËúÈöÊõæäó ÅöÑóÇÏóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð ÞóÏöíãóÉð ÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÒóáö Èößõáøö ÇáúãõÑóÇÏóÇÊö¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõãú ÊóÎóáøõÝõ ÇáúãõÑóÇÏö Úóäö ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúãõÚúÊóÒöáóÉõº ÝóÚóáóì ãóÐúåóÈöåöãú Ýöí äóÝúíö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö áóÇ íõËúÈöÊõæäó ÕöÝóÉó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö¡ æóíóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøóåõ íõÑöíÏõ ÈöÅöÑóÇÏóÉò ÍóÇÏöËóÉò áóÇ Ýöí ãóÍóáøò¡ ÝóíóáúÒóãõåõãú ÞöíóÇãõ ÇáÕøöÝóÉö ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãöäú ÃóÈúØóáö ÇáúÈóÇØöáö.

æóÃóãøóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÍóÞøöº ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó: Åöäøó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉó Úóáóì äóæúÚóíúäö:

1 - ÅöÑóÇÏóÉñ ßóæúäöíøóÉñ ÊõÑóÇÏöÝõåóÇ ÇáúãóÔöíÆóÉõ¡ æóåõãóÇ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞóÇäö Èößõáøö ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Çááøóåõ ÝöÚúáóåõ æóÅöÍúÏóÇËóåõ¡ Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ æóÔóÇÁóåõ ßóÇäó ÚóÞöÈó ÅöÑóÇÏóÊöåö áóåõº ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {!$yJ¯RÎ) ÿ¼çnãøBr&!#sŒÎ) yŠ#u‘r& $º«ø‹x© br& tAqà)tƒ ¼çms9 `ä. ãbqä3uŠsù ÇÑËÈ } ([89]).

æóÝöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö: { ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ßóÇäó¡ æóãóÇ áóãú íóÔóÃú áóãú íóßõäú } ([90]).

2 - æóÅöÑóÇÏóÉñ ÔóÑúÚöíøóÉñ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãóÇ íóÃúãõÑõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÚöÈóÇÏóåõ ãöãøóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ æóíóÑúÖóÇåõ¡ æóåöíó ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑóÉõ Ýöí ãöËúáö Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { ߉ƒÌãƒ ª!$# ãNà6Î/ tó¡ãŠø9$# Ÿwur ߉ƒÌãƒ ãNà6Î/ uŽô£ãèø9$# } ([91]).

æóáóÇ ÊóáóÇÒõãó Èóíúäó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÊóíúäöº Èóáú ÞóÏú ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ßõáøñ ãöäúåõãóÇ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ Èöåö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì¡ ÝóÈóíúäóåõãóÇ Úõãõæãñ æóÎõÕõæÕñ ãöäú æóÌúåò.

ÝóÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÊóÚóáøõÞöåóÇ ÈöãóÇ áóÇ íõÍöÈøõåõ Çááøóåõ æóíóÑúÖóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÝúÑö æóÇáúãóÚóÇÕöí¡ æóÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöãöËúáö ÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö æóØóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÝóÇÓöÞö.

æóÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉõ ÃóÚóãøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö ÊóÚóáøõÞöåóÇ Èößõáøö ãóÃúãõæÑò Èöåö æóÇÞöÚðÇ ßóÇäó Ãóæú ÛóíúÑó æóÇÞöÚò¡ æóÃóÎóÕøõ ãöäú ÌöåóÉö Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÇÞöÚó ÈöÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÉö ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉö ÞóÏú íóßõæäõ ÛóíúÑó ãóÃúãõæÑò Èöåö.

æóÇáúÍóÇÕöáõ Ãóäøó ÇáúÅöÑóÇÏóÊóíúäö ÞóÏú ÊóÌúÊóãöÚóÇäö ãóÚðÇ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö¡ æóØóÇÚóÉö ÇáúãõØöíÚö.

æóÊóäúÝóÑöÏõ ÇáúßóæúäöíøóÉõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ßõÝúÑö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóãóÚúÕöíóÉö ÇáúÚóÇÕöí.

æóÊóäúÝóÑöÏõ ÇáÔøóÑúÚöíøóÉõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÅöíãóÇäö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö¡ æóØóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÚóÇÕöí.

æóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: { Iwöqs9ur øŒÎ) |Mù=yzyŠ y7tF¨Zy_ } ([92]).. ÇáúÂíóÉóº åóÐóÇ ãöäú Þóæúáö Çááøóåö ÍößóÇíóÉð Úóäö ÇáÑøóÌõáö ÇáúãõÄúãöäö áöÒóãöíáöåö ÇáúßóÇÝöÑö ÕóÇÍöÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÊóíúäöº íóÚöÙõåõ Èöåö Ãóäú íóÔúßõÑó äöÚúãóÉó Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåö¡ æóíóÑõÏøóåóÇ Åöáóì ãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóíóÈúÑóÃó ãöäú Íóæúáöåö æóÞõæøóÊöåöº ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ ÞõæøóÉó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö.

æóÞóæúáõåõ: { öqs9ur uä!$x© ª!$# $tB (#qè=tGtGø%$# } ([93]).. ÇáúÂíóÉóº ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ ÚóãøóÇ æóÞóÚó Èóíúäó ÃóÊúÈóÇÚö ÇáÑøõÓõáö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú¡ ãöäó ÇáÊøóäóÇÒõÚö¡ æóÇáÊøóÚóÇÏöí ÈóÛúíðÇ Èóíúäóåõãú æóÍóÓóÏðÇ¡ æóÃóäøó Ðóáößó ÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÈöãóÔöíÆóÉö Çááøóåö U æóáóæú ÔóÇÁó ÚóÏóãó ÍõÕõæáöåö ãóÇ ÍóÕóáó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ ÔóÇÁóåõ ÝóæóÞóÚó.

æóÞóæúáõåõ: { `yJsù ϊ̍ムª!$# br& ¼çmtƒÏ‰ôgtƒ } ([94]).. ÅöáóÎúº ÇáúÂíóÉõ ÊóÏõáøõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáúåöÏóÇíóÉö æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö ÈöÎóáúÞö Çááøóåö U Ýóãóäú íõÑöÏú åöÏóÇíóÊóåõ - Ãóíú: ÅöáúåóÇãóåõ æóÊóæúÝöíÞóåõ - íóÔúÑóÍú ÕóÏúÑóåõ áöáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ ÈöÃóäú íóÞúÐöÝó Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö äõæÑðÇ¡ ÝóíóÊøóÓöÚó áóåõ¡ æóíóäúÈóÓöØóº ßóãóÇ æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóãóäú íõÑöÏú ÅöÖúáóÇáóåõ æóÎöÐúáóÇäóåõ íóÌúÚóáú ÕóÏúÑóåõ Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáÖøöíÞö æóÇáúÍóÑóÌö¡ ÝóáóÇ íóäúÝõÐõ Åöáóíúåö äõæÑõ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö¡ æóÔóÈøóåó Ðóáößó Èöãóäú íóÕøóÚøóÏõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö.


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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.003 ñåê.)