ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ

ÁÇ íÌæÒ ÞíÇÓ Çááå ÓÈÍÇäå ÈÎáÞå

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. ÚÌÈ Çááå ÓÈÍÇäå
  2. ÝÑÍå ÓÈÍÇäå ÈÊæÈÉ ÚÈÏå æÖÍßå

æóáóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ ÈöÎóáúÞöåö ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ æóÊóÚóÇáóì.

æóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõåõ: (áóÇ íõÞóÇÓõ ÈöÎóáúÞöåö) ÝóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ Èöåö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáõ ÔóíúÁò ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúíöÓóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÞúÊóÖöí ÇáúãõãóÇËóáóÉó æóÇáúãõÓóÇæóÇÉó Èóíúäó ÇáúãóÞöíÓö æóÇáúãóÞöíÓö Úóáóíúåö Ýöí ÇáÔøõÆõæäö ÇáúÅöáóåöíøóÉö.

æóÐóáößó ãöËúáõ ÞöíóÇÓö ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö ÇáøóÐöí íõÚóÑøöÝõåõ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÃõÕõæáö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÅöáúÍóÇÞõ ÝóÑúÚò ÈöÃóÕúáò Ýöí Íõßúãö ÇáúÌóÇãöÚö¡ ßóÅöáúÍóÇÞö ÇáäøóÈöíÐö ÈöÇáúÎóãúÑö Ýöí ÇáúÍõÑúãóÉö áöÇÔúÊöÑóÇßöåöãóÇ Ýöí ÚöáøóÉö ÇáúÍõßúãö¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÅöÓúßóÇÑõ.

ÝóÞöíóÇÓõ ÇáÊøóãúËöíáö ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ãõãóÇËóáóÉò Èóíúäó ÇáúÝóÑúÚö æóÇáúÃóÕúáö¡ æóÇááøóåõ U áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõãóËøóáó ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö.

æóãöËúáõ ÞöíóÇÓö ÇáÔøõãõæáö ÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúãóäóÇØöÞóÉö ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõ Èößõáøöíøò Úóáóì ÌõÒúÆöíøò ÈöæóÇÓöØóÉö ÇäúÏöÑóÇÌö Ðóáößó ÇáúÌõÒúÆöíøö ãóÚó ÛóíúÑöåö ÊóÍúÊó åóÐóÇ Çáúßõáøöíøö.

ÝóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞöíóÇÓõ ãóÈúäöíøñ Úóáóì ÇÓúÊöæóÇÁö ÇáúÃóÝúÑóÇÏö ÇáúãõäúÏóÑöÌóÉö ÊóÍúÊó åóÐóÇ Çáúßõáøöíøö¡ æóáöÐóáößó íõÍúßóãõ Úóáóì ßõáøò ãöäúåóÇ ÈöãóÇ Íõßöãó Èöåö Úóáóíúåö.

æóãóÚúáõæãñ Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ãõÓóÇæóÇÉó Èóíúäó Çááøóåö U æóÈóíúäó ÔóíúÁò ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö.

æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÓúÊóÚúãóáõ Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞöíóÇÓõ ÇáúÃóæúáóì¡ æóãóÖúãõæäõåõ Ãóäøó ßõáøó ßóãóÇáò ËóÈóÊó áöáúãóÎúáõæÞö æóÃóãúßóäó Ãóäú íóÊøóÕöÝó Èöåö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõº ÝóÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ Ãóæúáóì Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞö¡ æóßõáøó äóÞúÕò ÊóäóÒøóåó Úóäúåõ ÇáúãóÎúáõæÞõº ÝóÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáÊøóäóÒøõåö Úóäúåõ.

æóßóÐóáößó ÞóÇÚöÏóÉõ ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÞõæáõ: Åöäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÏóÑó ÇËúäóÇäö: ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ãóæúÕõæÝñ ÈöÕöÝóÉö ßóãóÇáò¡ æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ íóãúÊóäöÚõ Úóáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÊøóÕöÝó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÉöº ßóÇäó ÇáúÃóæøóáõ Ãóßúãóáó ãöäó ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ ÝóíóÌóÈõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ãöËúáö Êöáúßó ÇáÕøöÝóÉö áöáøóåö ãóÇ ÏóÇãó æõÌõæÏõåóÇ ßóãóÇáðÇ æóÚóÏóãõåóÇ äóÞúÕðÇ.

(ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö æóÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóÃóÕúÏóÞõ ÞöíáðÇ¡ æóÃóÍúÓóäõ ÍóÏöíËðÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÑõÓõáõåõ ÕóÇÏöÞõæäó ãõÕóÏøóÞõæäó ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞõæáõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó.

Þóæúáõåõ: (ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöäóÝúÓöåö æóÈöÛóíúÑöåö..) Åöáóì Þóæúáöåö: (.. Ëõãøó ÑõÓõáõåõ ÕóÇÏöÞõæäó ãóÕúÏõæÞõæäó) ÊóÚúáöíáñ áöÕöÍøóÉö ãóÐúåóÈö ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ýöí ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÇáúæóÇÑöÏóÉö Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉöº ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó Çááøóåõ U ÃóÚúáóãó ÈöäóÝúÓöåö æóÈöÛóíúÑöåö¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóÕúÏóÞó ÞóæúáðÇ æóÃóÍúÓóäó ÍóÏöíËðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ÑõÓõáõåõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóÇ íõÎúÈöÑõæäó Èöåö Úóäúåõ¡ ãóÚúÕõæãöíäó ãöäó ÇáúßóÐöÈö Úóáóíúåö æóÇáúÅöÎúÈóÇÑö Úóäúåõ ÈöãóÇ íõÎóÇáöÝõ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚóº æóÌóÈó ÇáÊøóÚúæöíáõ ÅöÐðÇ Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö äóÝúíðÇ æóÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ Çááøóåõ æóÞóÇáóåõ ÑóÓõæáõåõ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÃóÚúáóãõ ÎóáúÞöåö Èöåö¡ æóÃóäú áóÇ íõÊúÑóßó Ðóáößó Åöáóì Þóæúáö ãóäú íóÝúÊóÑõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÇáúßóÐöÈó æóíóÞõæáõæäó Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó.

æóÈóíóÇäõ Ðóáößó Ãóäøó ÇáúßóáóÇãó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóÞúÕõÑõ ÏóáóÇáóÊõåõ Úóáóì ÇáúãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúãõÑóÇÏóÉö ãöäúåõ áöÃóÍóÏö ËóáóÇËóÉö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈò: ÅöãøóÇ áöÌóåúáö ÇáúãõÊóßóáøöãö æóÚóÏóãö Úöáúãöåö ÈöãóÇ íóÊóßóáøóãõ Èöåö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áöÚóÏóãö ÝóÕóÇÍóÊöåö æóÞõÏúÑóÊöåö Úóáóì ÇáúÈóíóÇäö¡ æóÅöãøóÇ áóßóÐöÈöåö æóÛöÔøöåö æóÊóÏúáöíÓöåö¡ æóäõÕõæÕõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÈóÑöíÆóÉñ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉö ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåò¡ ÝóßóáóÇãõ Çááøóåö æóßóáóÇãõ ÑóÓõæáöåö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúæõÖõæÍö æóÇáúÈóíóÇäöº ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúãóËóáõ ÇáúÃóÚúáóì Ýöí ÇáÕøöÏúÞö æóÇáúãõØóÇÈóÞóÉö áöáúæóÇÞöÚöº áöÕõÏõæÑöåö Úóäú ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöÇáäøöÓóÈö ÇáúÎóÇÑöÌöíøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ÕóÇÏöÑñ Úóäú ÊóãóÇãö ÇáäøõÕúÍö¡ æóÇáÔøóÝóÞóÉö¡ æóÇáúÍöÑúÕö Úóáóì åöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÎóáúÞö æóÅöÑúÔóÇÏöåöãú.

ÝóÞóÏö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÊú áóåõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ ÇáËøóáóÇËóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÚóäóÇÕöÑõ ÇáÏøóáóÇáóÉö æóÇáúÅöÝúåóÇãö Úóáóì Ãóßúãóáö æóÌúåò.

ÝóÇáÑøóÓõæáõ r ÃóÚúáóãõ ÇáúÎóáúÞö ÈöãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑóåõãú Èöåö¡ æóåõæó ÃóÞúÏóÑõåõãú Úóáóì ÈóíóÇäö Ðóáößó æóÇáúÅöÝúÕóÇÍö Úóäúåõ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍúÑóÕõåõãú Úóáóì åöÏóÇíóÉö ÇáúÎóáúÞö¡ æóÃóÔóÏøõåõãú ÅöÑóÇÏóÉð áöÐóáößó¡ ÝóáóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íóÞóÚó Ýöí ßóáóÇãöåö ÔóíúÁñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÞúÕö æóÇáúÞõÕõæÑöº ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ßóáóÇãö ÛóíúÑöåöº ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóÎúáõæ ãöäú äóÞúÕò Ýöí ÃóÍóÏö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö Ãóæú ÌóãöíÚöåóÇ¡ ÝáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ Ãóäú íõÚúÏóáó ÈößóáóÇãöåö ßóáóÇãõ ÛóíúÑöåö ÝóÖúáðÇ Úóäú Ãóäú íõÚúÏóáó Úóäúåõ Åöáóì ßóáóÇãö ÛóíúÑöåöº ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ åõæó ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóãõäúÊóåóì ÇáúÎöÐúáóÇäö.

(æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: { z`»ysö6ß™ y7În/u‘ Éb>u‘ Ío¨“Ïèø9$# $Hxå šcqàÿÅÁtƒ ÇÊÑÉÈíN»n=y™ur ’n?tã šúüÎ=y™ößJø9$# ÇÊÑÊÈ ß‰ôJptø:$#ur! Éb>u‘ šúüÏJn=»yèø9$# ÇÊÑËÈ } ([38])¡ ÝóÓóÈøóÍó äóÝúÓóåõ ÚóãøóÇ æóÕóÝóåõ Èöåö ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝõæäó áöáÑøõÓõáö¡ æóÓóáøóãó Úóáóì ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäóº áöÓóáóÇãóÉö ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæåõ ãöäó ÇáäøóÞúÕö æóÇáúÚóíúÈö.

Þóæúáõåõ: (æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó.. ÅöáóÎú) ÊóÚúáöíáñ áöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ßóæúäö ßóáóÇãö Çááøóåö æóßóáóÇãö ÑóÓõæáöåö Ãóßúãóáó ÕöÏúÞðÇ¡ æóÃóÊóãøó ÈóíóÇäðÇ æóäõÕúÍðÇ¡ æóÃóÈúÚóÏó Úóäö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö æóÇáúÂÝóÇÊö ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ßõáøö ÃóÍóÏò.

æó (ÓõÈúÍóÇäó) ÇÓúãõ ãóÕúÏóÑò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÓúÈöíÍö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíåõ æóÇáúÅöÈúÚóÇÏõ Úóäö ÇáÓøõæÁö¡ æóÃóÕúáõåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóÈúÍö¡ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÓøõÑúÚóÉõ æóÇáöÇäúØöáóÇÞõ æóÇáúÅöÈúÚóÇÏõ¡ æóãöäúåõ ÝóÑóÓñ ÓóÈõæÍñº ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÔóÏöíÏóÉó ÇáúÚóÏúæö.

æóÅöÖóÇÝóÉõ ÇáÑøóÈøö Åöáóì ÇáúÚöÒøóÉö ãöäú ÅöÖóÇÝóÉö ÇáúãóæúÕõæÝö Åöáóì ÕöÝóÊöåö¡ æóåõæó ÈóÏóáñ ãöäó ÇáÑøóÈøö ÞóÈúáóåõ.

Ýóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ íõäóÒøöåõ äóÝúÓóåõ ÚóãøóÇ íóäúÓõÈõåõ Åöáóíúåö ÇáúãõÔúÑößõæäó ãöäó ÇÊøöÎóÇÐö ÇáÕøóÇÍöÈóÉö æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóÚóäú ßõáøö äóÞúÕò æóÚóíúÈò¡ Ëõãøó íõÓóáøöãõ Úóáóì ÑõÓõáöåö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößóº áöáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ßóãóÇ íóÌöÈõ ÊóäúÒöíåõ Çááøóåö U æóÅöÈúÚóÇÏõåõ Úóäú ßõáøö ÔóÇÆöÈóÉö äóÞúÕò æóÚóíúÈò¡ ÝóíóÌöÈõ ÇÚúÊöÞóÇÏõ ÓóáóÇãóÉö ÇáÑøõÓõáö Ýöí ÃóÞúæóÇáöåöãú æóÃóÝúÚóÇáöåöãú ãöäú ßõáøö ÚóíúÈò ßóÐóáößó¡ ÝóáóÇ íóßúÐöÈõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ íõÔúÑößõæäó Èöåö¡ æóáóÇ íóÛõÔøõæäó Ãõãóãóåõãú¡ æóáóÇ íóÞõæáõæäó Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøó.

Þóæúáõåõ: (æóÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó) ËóäóÇÁñ ãöäúåõ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ Úóáóì äóÝúÓöåö ÈöãóÇ áóåõ ãöäú äõÚõæÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö¡ æóÃóæúÕóÇÝö ÇáúÌóáóÇáö¡ æóÍóãöíÏö ÇáúÝöÚóÇáö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÞóÏøóãó ÇáúßóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ãóÚúäóì ÇáúÍóãúÏö¡ ÝóÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö.

(æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó ÝöíãóÇ æóÕóÝó æóÓóãøóì Èöåö äóÝúÓóåõ Èóíúäó ÇáäøóÝúíö æóÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö.

áóãøóÇ Èóíøóäó ÝöíãóÇ ÓóÈóÞó Ãóäøó Ãóåúáó ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö íóÕöÝõæäó Çááøóåó U ÈöãóÇ æóÕóÝó Èöåö äóÝúÓóåõ¡ æóÈöãóÇ æóÕóÝóåõ Èöåö ÑóÓõæáõåõ¡ æóáóãú íóßõäú Ðóáößó ßõáøõåõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊðÇ æóáóÇ ßõáøõåõ äóÝúíðǺ äóÈøóåó Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: (æóåõæó ÓõÈúÍóÇäóåõ ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó.. ÅöáóÎú).

æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó ßõáøðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÝúíö æóÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúãóÇÁö æóÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ãõÌúãóáñ æóãõÝóÕøóáñ.

ÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúíöº Ýóåõæó Ãóäú íõäúÝóì Úóäö Çááøóåö U ßõáøõ ãóÇ íõÖóÇÏøõ ßóãóÇáóåõ ãöäú ÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö æóÇáäøóÞóÇÆöÕö¡ ãöËúáõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { }§øŠs9 ¾ÏmÎ=÷WÏJx. Öäï†x«(} ([39])¡ { ö@yd ÞOn=÷ès? ¼çms9 $wŠÏJy™ ÇÏÎÈ } ([40])¡ { z`»ysö6ß™ «!$# $£Jtã šcqàÿÅÁtƒ ÇÒÊÈ } ([41]).

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÝúíöº Ýóåõæó Ãóäú íõäóÒøóåó Çááøóåõ Úóäú ßõáøö æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚõíõæÈö æóÇáäøóÞóÇÆöÕö ÈöÎõÕõæÕöåö¡ ÝóíõäóÒøóåõ Úóäö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö¡ æóÇáúæóáóÏö¡ æóÇáÔøóÑöíßö¡ æóÇáÕøóÇÍöÈóÉö¡ æóÇáäøöÏøö¡ æóÇáÖøöÏøö¡ æóÇáúÌóåúáö¡ æóÇáúÚóÌúÒö¡ æóÇáÖøóáóÇáö¡ æóÇáäøöÓúíóÇäö¡ æóÇáÓøöäóÉö¡ æóÇáäøóæúãö¡ æóÇáúÚóÈóËö¡ æóÇáúÈóÇØöáö.. ÅöáóÎú.

æóáóßöäú áóíúÓó Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøõäøóÉö äóÝúíñ ãóÍúÖñº ÝóÅöäøó ÇáäøóÝúíó ÇáÕøöÑúÝó áóÇ ãóÏúÍó Ýöíåö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÑóÇÏõ Èößõáøö äóÝúíò ÝöíåöãóÇ ÅöËúÈóÇÊõ ãóÇ íõÖóÇÏøõåõ ãöäó ÇáúßóãóÇáö: ÝóäóÝúíõ ÇáÔøóÑöíßö æóÇáäøöÏøöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇáö ÚóÙóãóÊöåö æóÊóÝóÑøõÏöåö ÈöÕöÝóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáúÚóÌúÒöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇáö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáúÌóåúáöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÓóÚóÉö Úöáúãöåö æóÅöÍóÇØóÊöåö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáÙøõáúãöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇáö ÚóÏúáöåö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáúÚóÈóËöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇáö ÍößúãóÊöåö¡ æóäóÝúíõ ÇáÓøöäóÉö æóÇáäøóæúãö æóÇáúãóæúÊöº áöÅöËúÈóÇÊö ßóãóÇáö ÍóíóÇÊöåö æóÞóíøõæãöíøóÊöåö.. æóåóßóÐóÇ.

æóáöåóÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáäøóÝúíõ Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö ÅöäøóãóÇ íóÃúÊöí ãõÌúãóáðÇ Ýöí ÃóßúËóÑö ÃóÍúæóÇáöåöº ÈöÎöáóÇÝö ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊöº ÝóÅöäøó ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáó Ýöíåö ÃóßúËóÑõ ãöäó ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáöº áöÃóäøóåõ ãóÞúÕõæÏñ áöÐóÇÊöåö.

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÅöÌúãóÇáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊöº ÝóãöËúáõ ÅöËúÈóÇÊö ÇáúßóãóÇáö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö¡ æóÇáúÍóãúÏö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö¡ æóÇáúãóÌúÏö ÇáúãõØúáóÞö¡ æóäóÍúæö Ðóáößóº ßóãóÇ íõÔöíÑõ Åöáóíúåö ãöËúáõ Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: { ߉ôJysø9$#! Å_Uu‘ šúüÏJn=»yèø9$# ÇËÈ } ([42])¡ {!ur ã@sVyJø9$# 4’n?ôãF{$# 4 } ([43]).

æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÕöíáõ Ýöí ÇáúÅöËúÈóÇÊöº Ýóåõæó ãõÊóäóÇæöáñ áößõáøö ÇÓúãò Ãóæú ÕöÝóÉò æóÑóÏóÊú Ýöí ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö æóÇáÓøõäøóÉö¡ æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúßóËúÑóÉö ÈöÍóíúËõ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ áöÃóÍóÏò Ãóäú íõÍúÕöíóåõº ÝóÅöäøó ãöäúåóÇ ãóÇ ÇÎúÊóÕøó Çááøóåõ U ÈöÚöáúãöåöº ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: { ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó áóÇ äõÍúÕöí ËóäóÇÁð Úóáóíúßó ÃóäúÊó ßóãóÇ ÃóËúäóíúÊó Úóáóì äóÝúÓößó } ([44]).

æóÝöí ÍóÏöíËö ÏõÚóÇÁö ÇáúãóßúÑõæÈö: { ÃóÓúÃóáõßó Èößõáøö ÇÓúãò åõæó áóßóº ÓóãøóíúÊó Èöåö äóÝúÓóßó¡ Ãóæú ÃóäúÒóáúÊóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈößó¡ Ãóæú ÚóáøóãúÊóåõ ÃóÍóÏðÇ ãöäú ÎóáúÞößó Ãóæö ÇÓúÊóÃúËóÑúÊó Èöåö Ýöí Úöáúãö ÇáúÛóíúÈö ÚöäúÏóßó } ([45]).

(ÝóáóÇ ÚõÏõæáó áöÃóåúáö ÇáÓøõäøóÉö æóÇáúÌóãóÇÚóÉö ÚóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäóº ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ¡ ÕöÑóÇØõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÕøöÏøöíÞöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó.

Þóæúáõåõ: (ÝóáóÇ ÚõÏõæáó.. ÅáÎ)º åóÐóÇ ãõÊóÑóÊøöÈñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú ÈóíóÇäö Ãóäøó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó Èöåö ÇáÑøõÓõáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ åõæó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÇáøóÐöí íóÌöÈõ ÇÊøöÈóÇÚõåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÕöÍøõ ÇáúÚõÏõæáõ Úóäúåõ¡ æóÞóÏú Úõáøöáó ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ¡ íóÚúäöí ÇáØøóÑöíÞó ÇáÓøóæöíøó ÇáúÞóÇÕöÏó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÚöæóÌó Ýöíåö æóáóÇ ÇäúÍöÑóÇÝó.

æóÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ áóÇ íóßõæäõ ÅöáøóÇ æóÇÍöÏðǺ ãóäú ÒóÇÛó Úóäúåõ Ãóæö ÇäúÍóÑóÝó æóÞóÚó Ýöí ØóÑöíÞò ãöäú ØõÑõÞö ÇáÖøóáóÇáö æóÇáúÌóæúÑöº ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: { ¨br&ur #x‹»yd ‘ÏÛºuŽÅÀ $VJŠÉ)tGó¡ãB çnqãèÎ7¨?$$sù (Ÿwur (#qãèÎ7­Fs? Ÿ@ç6¡9$# s-§xÿtGsù öNä3Î/ `tã ¾Ï&Î#‹Î7y™ 4 } ([46]).

æóÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ åõæó ØóÑöíÞõ ÇáúÃõãøóÉö ÇáúæóÓóØõ¡ ÇáúæóÇÞöÚõ Èóíúäó ØóÑóÝóíö ÇáúÅöÝúÑóÇØö æóÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØö¡ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÃóãóÑóäóÇ Çááøóåõ U æóÚóáøóãóäóÇ Ãóäú äóÓúÃóáóåõ Ãóäú íóåúÏöíóäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáÕøöÑóÇØó ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãó Ýöí ßõáøö ÑóßúÚóÉò ãöäó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉöº Ãóíú: íõáúåöãóäóÇ æóíõæóÝøöÞóäóÇ áöÓõáõæßöåö æóÇÊøöÈóÇÚöåö¡ ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÕöÑóÇØõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÃóäúÚóãó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó æóÇáÕøöÏøöíÞöíäó æóÇáÔøõåóÏóÇÁö æóÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó æóÍóÓõäó ÃõæáóÆößó ÑóÝöíÞðÇ.


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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.007 ñåê.)