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Words and expressions

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  1. B). Open the brackets. c). Put questions to the underlined words.
  2. Choisissez les expressions pour parler de la toilette d’un homme, d’une femme, d’un enfant. Parlez de leur toilette.
  3. Complete the sentences, using the words from Ex. 3. Three of them are used twice. The first one is done for you.
  4. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above. Make sentences of your own to show that you understand the difference in their meaning.
  5. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above. Make your own sentences to show that you understand the difference in their meaning.
  6. D) Choose one of the words to complete the sentences
  7. Ex.2. Some words change their stress when they change their part of speech. Underline the stressed syllable in these words.
  8. Ex.2. The following words can be used in more than one way. Underline the correct part of speech for each word as it is used in the text.
  9. Ex.2. The following words can be used in more than one way. Underline the correct part of speech for each word as it is used in the text.
  10. Ex.3. Match the words with similar meanings.
  11. Ex.3. Match words from list A with words from list B that have a similar meaning.
  12. Ex.3. Match words from list A with words from list B that have a similar meaning.

 

1. definition 2. a matter of difficulty 3. is punishable by the State 4. a violation of the public rights 5. breaches of law 6. occur 7. involves guilty conduct and guilty intention 8. particularly grave offences 9. deprivation of liberty 10. death sentence 11. majority 12. corrective labour

 

The definition of a “crime” has always been a matter of difficulty and no really satisfactory definition of a “crime” has yet been evolved. You may say that “crime” is a violation of the public rights and duties, which is punishable by the State. But a distinction must be drawn between breaches of law which are crimes and those which are merely illegal without being criminal.

Besides, there are some acts, which are crimes in our country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England, but not in the Netherlands. However, there are quite a lot of agreements among states as to which acts are criminal.

No one knows why crime occurs. Since the 18th century various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. But since the mid-20th century, the notion that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavour among investigators. They explain it by so-called multiple factor, which includes biological, psychological, cultural, economic and political reasons.

As a general rule “crime” involves guilty conduct (actus Reus) and guilty intention (mens Rea).

Treason, sabotage, banditry, desertion at a time of war, armed robbery, premeditated murder, rape under aggravating circumstances and certain other singularly dangerous social crimes are qualified as particularly grave offences. In such an event deprivation of liberty of up to 15 years may be applied or the death sentence which is regarded as an exceptional measure. (The death penalty was abolished in Britain in 1969.)

The purpose of punishment is to reform the offender and to rehabilitate him, on the other hand when punish, we warn other people of what will happen if they break the law.

Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine, and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason. It is never applied in respect to persons under 18. The majority of criminal sanctions are confined to short terms of deprivation of liberty and penalties not involving deprivation of liberty: corrective labour and public censure.

 

 


Criminal and civil procedures are different.

Criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions are started by individuals. The party brining a criminal action is called the prosecution, but the party brnging a civil action is called the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.

 

Types of punishment: community service, fixed penalty fine, suspended sentence, short-term imprisonment, probation, long-term imprisonment, capital punishment, life imprisonment, disciplinary training in a detention centre.

 

Types of crime: murder, shoplifting, rape, manslaughter, fraud, selling drugs, drinking and driving, robbery, possession of a gun without a licence, fight in a club, treason, theft, arson, pickpocketing, terrorism, blackmail, mugging, smuggling, bribery, burglary, hijacking, kidnapping, trespass


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