Morphological constants for typological analysis

Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. Morphemes cannot always stand as words on their own.

Acc. to degree of self-dependence: - free (can stand alone – red, ліс); - bound (is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme -ець, -er); - semi-bound (well-done, вищезазначений).

Acc. to the structure: - simple (one phoneme a like, весн а); - compound (-ment, -ство);

Acc.to sem. properties: - root (the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents - pen, дім), - affixal (morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word -ship, -ness, -ець); - inflectional (the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case -s, -ий).

Morphological category is the unity of grammatical meanings that have the same form and can be examined by means of opposition (number Sg.vs.Pl).

2 ways of reflecting morph.cat:

1) synthetic: - inflections (весн а, і, и), - inner infl. (change of the root phoneme (Eng. Foot-feet, Ukr. ніч-ночі); - affixation (produces some new shades of meaning and new forms of words, Eng. teach er, Ukr. чита в,- ла); - supletivity (- to depict sex destinction: man – woman, чоловік –жінка; - to express dif.nature of verbs and actions they denote: to carry – to bring; - cat.of person, number, tense: are, is, am, бути, є; - degrees of comparison; good- better; - paradigmatic forms of Pron: I, me);

2) analytical (presupposes separate expression of lex. and gram. meanings of words): - auxiliary verbs (produce complex verbal structures to display tense, voice (will do, буде читатися); - auxiliary words (degree of comparison: interesting – more int.); - prepositions (mostly in Eng. (come down) Lithuanian l-ge (butelis kefiro – пляшка кефіру, kefiro butelis пляшка з-під кефіру); - article (def/inderfiniteness, for substantiation: a play – to play, not in Ukr.);

- accentuation (поверх, import); - word order/theme-rheme (fixed in Eng., free in Ukr. the succession of elements performs a differentiating function: Буття визначає свідомість.)

Parts of speech are lexico-gram. word classes which are characterised by general abstract grammatical meaning, expressed in certain gram. markers. There are: 1) notional (N, Pron, Num, V, Adj, Adv.); 2) functional (Article (no in Ukr.), Particle, Prepos., Conj, Modal Words, Interjections).

35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.

Morphological category is the unity of grammatical meanings that have the same form and can be examined by means of opposition (number Sg.vs.Pl).

3 ways of reflecting morph.cat:

3) synthetic: - inflections (весн а, і, и), - inner infl. (change of the root phoneme (Eng. Foot-feet, Ukr. ніч-ночі); - affixation (produces some new shades of meaning and new forms of words, Eng. teach er, Ukr. чита в,- ла); - supletivity (- to depict sex destinction: man – woman, чоловік –жінка; - to express dif.nature of verbs and actions they denote: to carry – to bring; - cat.of person, number, tense: are, is, am, бути, є; - degrees of comparison; good- better; - paradigmatic forms of Pron: I, me);

4) analytical (presupposes separate expression of lex. and gram. meanings of words): - auxiliary verbs (produce complex verbal structures to display tense, voice (will do, буде читатися); - auxiliary words (degree of comparison: interesting – more int.); - prepositions (mostly in Eng. (come down) Lithuanian l-ge (butelis kefiro – пляшка кефіру, kefiro butelis пляшка з-під кефіру); - article (def/inderfiniteness, for substantiation: a play – to play, not in Ukr.);

- accentuation (поверх, import); - word order/theme-rheme (fixed in Eng., free in Ukr. the succession of elements performs a differentiating function: Буття визначає свідомість.)

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