Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels

There is a set of isom. and allom.features in the contrasted lang-s. Allom.fs are traced in the difference of vowel quantity To isom. ones belong familiar monophthongs and factors that predetermined their systemic organization.. E and U are contrasted on the basis of common principles or factors: 1 ) stability of articulation There are 6 vowels (monophthongs) in U /а, о, у, и, і, е/and 20 vowels in E (12 of them are monophthongs /I, i: e, ǝ, ʌ, a:, u, u:, æ, o, o:, ɜ:/, two of them are diphthongoids /i:/, /u:/ and 8 diphthongs). Here such group oppositions as mon-s::diphth-s, diph-s:: diphths.

2) tongue position: to allom.fs.belong: absence of central, back advanced and front retracted Vs (acc.to the horizontal movement of the tongue) and no differentiation between narrow and broad Vs acc.to the vertical movem-t. English /e/ is mid, narrow, U-n /e/ is open, low, front, E /o/ is low, U is mid. Acc.to the horizontal movement in U there are such oppositions as front::back, in E front::front retracted, central::back::back-advanced. 3) lip position. U /у/, \о\ and E /o, o:, u, u:/ are labialized, though, acc.to the research of pr.Wells /y(ȕ)/ and /u/ have lost their labialization.4) vowel length. It isn`t distinct in U. In E there exists an opposition between long and short monophth-s. 5 ) Nazalization is traced in E: /m, n, ŋ/. In U acc.to Sokolova there are only slightly nasialised sounds as in пані, гнані, тонна. 6) distribution of V: if a stressed vowel is is followed by a strong voiceless C, this vowel is checked. If a vowel is followed by a weak voiceless C it is free. In E long Vs appear in open syllables, and /ǝ/ in an unstressed position.

Phonological opposition is the distinction of at least two elements having a common feature and a differentiating one. Within the systems of vowels there are such allom. opp-ns: tense and lax vowels (acc.to the degree of muscular tension of articulatory organs), abrupted-non-abrupted Vs (acc.to the force of artic-n at the end of the V), long-short Vs(are opp-ed only in E); opp-ns acc.to the stability of artic-n: mon-s::diphth – bid-beard /i-iǝ/; diph-s:: diphth – bay-boy. Group opp-s acc.to the horizontal movement of the tongue (classes are opp-ed, such opp-s are of isom.nature in both lang-s): front-back: [i:-u:] beat-boot [as-a:] cat-cart, [i-y] 6iK-6yK [i-a] zpiM-zpaM [i-o] cim-com [h-v] Mup-jviyp [h-o] cuh-coh [n-a] jiUHb-naHb. front-retracted-back-advanced: [i-v] kick-cook; front-central[e-3:] bed-bird, central-back [ a-o:] tuck-talk, back [ a:-o] heart-hot. Group opp acc to the vertical mov of the tongue at the same posotions heights close/high [i:-i] feel-fill [u:-u] pool-pull mid [3:-a] for eward-forward open/low[o:-o] port-pot. In U There are no such oppositions. Group opp.acc to the vertical mov of the tongue at diffr.position heights: close narrow- open broad: seed-sad, close narrow – mid narrow neat-net. In U close-open: /i-e/лід -ледь, /y-a/тук-так, etc

14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.

There are 24 C in E and 32 in U(due to palatalizaion, doubling of Cs). Cs are classified acc.to such common principles: the type of obstruction and the manner of noise production, place of obstruction, work of vocal cords, position of th soft palate and prevalence of musical tones. There are common subclasses of Cs: occlusive s 9 in E/p b t d k g m n ŋ/, 12 in U /п б т д к ґ and their palatized variants /. Constrictives 9 in E f, v; ð θ,Ʒ ʃ s, z; h, 1 6 in U Ф Ф`, в, в`, з, з`, с, с`, г, г`, х, х`,, ж, ж`, ш, ш`, affricates ʧ ʤ, Дз`, дз, ц`, ц, дж, ч, sonorants m, n, ŋ, w, 1, r,j, м,м`, в, в`, р,р`,л,л`,н,н`,j

Acc.to the degree of noice: 1) voiced E8, U 11 2) voiceless E 9, U12 and sonorants (in U have palatalized variants). Acc .to the manner of artic-n there are such allom.fs as: the absence of occlusive-constrictive (affricates) or rolled \р, р`\. Acc.to the place of artic-n allom.f.are the absence of bilabial /w/, interdental/ ð θ,/ in U, no dental in E, no palato-alveolar in U, in E /h/ is glottal, in U /х/velar voiced; E alveolar and palato-alveolar= dental U; alveolar in U = palato-alveolar in E. E post alveolar is /r/ and in U /д` т `з` с `ц` л` н` дз `/. Velar /ŋ/ is nasalized, velar /к`, х`/are palatalized. Isomorphic is the class-n into labial (bilabial /p b m w/ and \п б м\, labiodental //f, v/ and /ф,в/, lingual, glottal. Palatalization being characteristic for U serves to differentiate lexemes син-синь, \й\ is always palatalized. P-n is denied in E, but some scholars believe that / ʃ ʧ ʤ / are pal-ed as well as //ш жч/ in шість, родичі. Within Cs there are binary/group opp-ns between voiced/voiceless Cs: pleasure::preasure etc. parallel opp-ns when 2 voiced sounds are opp-ed to one voiceless: поки, боки, доки.

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