Syntactic Functions of Adv in Eng and Uk

Adv in Eng and Uk perform 3 main functions in the sentence serving as 1) Identifying complements (cf. very tall, rather better today); 2) attributive adjuncts (quite a man, the voice inside); 3) adverbial complements: of place (to live here/there, everywhere); of time (to arrive today/soon); of cause and purpose (Why do you think so?).

Not e. Pertaining to Uk (allomor. for Eng) is the use of adverbials in the function of a simple nominal predicate. Eg: Сонце вгор і. І ні душі ніде.

According to their lexical meaning, adv in both l-s can perform such functions: 1. The adv modifier of manner or quality. 2. … of time. 3. …of place and direction. 4. … of degree and quality. 5. The attribute. 6. of the predicative (in Eng) and simple nominal predicate in Uk. 7. The adv modifier of cause and purpose.

Isomorphic is also the expression of different adverbial meanings in both l-s through adverbial (often prepositional) phrases,e.g., time: I haven't made use of it all summer. Attending circumstances: He saw me looking with admiration at his car.

49 The Pronoun correlates in E and U with: a)nouns: he/Pete, she/Ann, etc.; b) adjectives (his, her, your, etc. book); the first/ second, etc. look; c)numerals when they denote generalising quantity: кілька, декілька (some, much, few/a few). Ukrainian equivalents кілька, декілька, кільканадцять belong to indefinite cardinal numerals. in both languages the attributive function. Eg: some/few friends, much snow/water, кілька/декілька друзів. Багато снігу/води, etc.

morphological categories: 1) number (мій — мої, наш — наші); 2) case (мого, моєму, моїм) and 3) gender (мій брат, моя сестра, моє завдання). English pron have nominative case (somebody), genitive case (somebody's, my, his, her, your, their), objective case (me, him, her, us, them, whom).

Personal/Особові I, he, she, it, we, you, they; я, ти, він, вона, воно, ми, ви, вони. The pronouns we, you, they may form in English indefinite personal sentences, eg: We must not allow

Possessive/Присвійні my, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, hers, yours, ours; мій, твій, її, наше, ваше, ваш, їхня, їхній, їхнє.In E two types: a) possessive conjoint (my, his, her, etc.) and b) possessive absolute (mine, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.). Allom in Uk pronouns have gender (мій, моя, моє), case (мого, моєму,моїм, etc.) number categories (мої, твої, наш - наші) lacking in English. are often substantivised in colloquial speech (cf. Твоя прийшла). Вона (сестра, дружина) вдома? Чий (хлопець, чоловік) то приходив? Наша взяла.

Reflexive/Зворотні myself, itself, himself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves; себе, собі, собою, (на). In some Western Ukrainian dialects the old short forms си/ся are used (ми си/ся зустріли). Reflexive pronouns in English are used to form reflexive verbs (to wash oneself, to restrain herself, to show themselves, etc.)

Demonstrative/Bказівні: this (these), that (those), such a, (the) same; цей, той, ті, той самий, та сама, These English demonstrative pronouns agree in number with the head noun: this day — these day. Ukrainian dem p have also case and gender distinctions (+ number) eg: цей самий студент — ця сама студентка.

Interrogative\Питальні: who, whose, what, which, how much; хто, що, який, котрий, які саме, хто саме. English interrogative pronouns have no number, case or gender distinctions (except "whom" and "whose") expressing respectively the objective and genitive case form as most of their Ukraini an equivalents do, eg: чий, чия, чиє, чиї/чийом. in both languages the identity of their functional meanings in the sentence (those of the noun and those of the adjective respectively).

Relative/Відносні: who, what, which, whose, хто, що, який, котрий, чий/чия, чиє, чийого, чиї, чиїх. coincide in their form (structure) with the interrogative pronouns. They perform the function of connectors. Ukrainian are declinable.

Reciprocal/Взаємні: each other, one another; один одного, одна одну, одне одного, одні одних. in Ukrainianexists in three gender forms used in singular and plural as noun pronouns: один одного, одна одну, одне одного, одні одних

Indefinite and Negative: any, anybody, somebody, something, nobody, none, nothing; дехто, декого, декому, будь-що, будь-хто, нічий, який-небудь, котрийсь, котрий/котра-небудь.

В. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rohovska, subdivided the E ind p into three subclasses: 1) "genuine indefinite pronouns" (some, any and their compounds); 2) "generalising pronouns" (all, both, each, and their com pounds); 3) "quantitative pronouns" (many, much, few, little), and 4) "contrasting pronouns" (another, other, one).

Many grammarians treat negative pronouns (заперечні займенники) as a separate class of pronouns. no, nobody, none, nothing, neither — ніхто, ніщо, ніякий/нікотрий, нічий, ніскільки. Uk are declinable and are used as noun pronouns.

Is-phic in the contrasted languages are the structural forms of negative pronouns, which may be simple (no), compound, or composite, eg: none (no one), nobody, nothing, nothing else, nothing more - ніхто, ніщо, ніякий, нікотрий, ніхто інший, жоден інший, ні один (із них), більш нічого.

All is observed in the wide use of English negative pronouns to form negative word-groups and sentences, eg: no pains, no gains (під лежачий камінь вода не тече); Uk equivalent sent have the negative pronouns + the negative particle не:

Structure isomorphism. 1) simple (/, he, я, ти, він); 2) compound (myself, ourselves,nobody, nothing; абихто, абищо); 3) Composite (І myself, this same, somebody else,хто інший, я сам, кожен і всякий,.).

Syntactic functions of pronouns in the sentence - isomorphic. An exception English reflexive pronouns which are also used to form reflexive verbs, eg: to wash oneself, to shave themselves/to shave himself, shave yourself/ yourselves, etc. A similar function performs the Ukrainian -ся(-си) pronoun in a Western Ukrainian dialect

50 The Numeral has a common implicit lexico-grammatical meaning expressing quantity (two, ten один). may denote a part of an object (one-third,одна третя,) or order of some objects (the first). The syntagmatic properties - combinability a) with nouns (four days, перший крок); b) with pronouns (all three, всі три); с) with numerals (two from ten, два від п'яти, один із перших); d) with adverbs (the two below/ahead, двоє спереду); е) with the infinitive (the first to соте/to read; перша співати).

it can be subject (Four are present), object (I like the second), attribute (It is my second trip), a simple nominal predicate (cf. the two there; їх десять там) and the adverbial modifier (they marched three and three; вони йшли по три).

!!! common and divergent subclasses. Common are 1) cardinal; 2) ordinal and 3) fractionals (common fractions and decimal fractions). Cardinal denote number: three, five, десять. Ordinal - denote order of persons or objects and are used in English speech with the definite article: the third, the fifth, the tenth, the twenty-first, the one hundred and twenty-third, etc. Ukrainian ordinal are semantically of isomorphic nature: перший, третій.

The main allomorphic feature of num -in the existence of morphological/categorial endings pertained to most numerals that are declinable in Ukrainian. They have number, case and partly gender distinctions. For example, the category of case: десять, десяти, десятьом, десятьма.

An exception makes the category of gender of the cardinal numerals один and два which have three gender distinctions (один, одна, одне; два, дві, двоє).

!!!the Uk 2 more subclasses of num unknown in E 1) The indefinite cardinal numerals which express a) common homogeneous objects (декілька/кілька голубів); кільканадцять книжок (гривень/риб); кількадесят/кількасот чоловіків, жінок) or b) an indefinite quantity of objects: багато/небагато книжок (цукру, добра, користі). 2) Ukrainian has also collective numerals which denote a quantity of objects in their totality (сукупність) or indivisible unity, eg: двоє, троє, (дітей). Collective numerals are also used in dual number (обоє, обидва, обидві: обоє дітей)

is and all structure: 1) Simple (one, один, п'ять). 2) Derivative numerals (E only) (thirteen,ninety). 3) Compound in En - all from 21 to 99. In Ukrainian - in -надцять (from 11 to 19), and in tens (from 20 to 90), except сто. Compound are also fractionals півтора, півтораста; the indefinite cardinals кількадесят, and all ordinals derived from compound cardinals (одинадцятий. 4) Composite consisting of compound/composite + simple numerals or vice versa, eg: one hundred and twenty, twenty-two thousand; сто два,дві тисячі п'ятсот тридцять два. Composite are also fractional numerals, such as one-fifth, three-ninths.

!All classes of numerals are declinable in Ukrainian.

Apart from case forms Uk num have gender and number cat- два, дві, двоє.

Isomorphic are the syntactic functions in the sentence 1) as subject: The first/ten have arrived. Перші/десять вже прибули. 2) Compound nominal predicate: He was first; Він був першим, їх було двадцятеро. 3) As an attribute: This was his first visit to London; She saw twenty swans. Це були його перші відвідини Лондона. Вона бачила двадцять лебедів. 4) As an adverbial modifier (manner): They ran four and four. Вони бігли по чотири (в шерензі).

51 Statives are invariable notional words whose logico-grammatical function is to denote the physical state of persons, things or phenomena, the psychological state of persons, state in motion. Eng - have a prefix a- added to the roots of nouns, adjectives or verbs (cf. afire, aflame). Uk are formed with the help of some suffixes: -о: прикро,соромно, -а: Треба,Шкода, -е: Добре, жалко, досадно.

The cat of state may be expressed by means of nouns (in English by prepositional nouns only). on fire, in the know, у відчаї. Страх бере.

Statives in the contr langs rarely correlate lexically. Thus, English statives have mostly predicative verbs, adverbs or adjectives for their equivalents in Ukrainian. awake - не спалось.

An exception constitute the following lexical correlations: ashamed — соромно. Треба -has a need.

The subjective and objective attitude of the speaker towards an event/ action may often be expressed by several other parenthetic words and phrases which may point a) to the authorship of the idea/assertion expressed in the sentence, eg.: they say, as reported, in my view, to my mind, 1 think - кажуть, як повідомляють, на мою думку, як говориться, etc.; b) to words and phrases expressing an estimation of the expressed idea in the sentence (shortly speaking, generally speaking, in a word — коротко кажучи, відверто кажучи, одне слово, etc.); c) to words pointing to the order or succession of ideas expressed in the sentence (firstly, secondly, on the contrary - по-перше, по-друге, навпаки, etc.).

Originate from: 1) adverbs (really, probably, fortunately справді, очевидно, дійсно); 2) nouns with or without prepositions (only in Ukrainian): in one's view, in one's opinion, to one's judgment — сором, страх, на мою думку, на мій погляд; 3) verbal phrases and sentences (it seems, you see - здається, бачите, як бачите, кажуть); 4) statives (in Ukrainian): чутно, видно, etc.

position in the sentence. occupy any position acc to the emphasis they are given by the author/speaker. Cf. Perhaps he will come. He will, perhaps, come. He will come, perhaps.Можливо, він прийде; він, можливо, прийде; він прийде, можливо).

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