The detached secondary parts of speech

The existence of the detached secondary parts (unextended/extended) – isomorphic feature of both languages. They have relatively free preposed and postposed position, have a loose connection with their head components, an implicit predicative meaning, can be only object (direct), attribute (the most frequently detached) and adverbial parts.

The detached attributes: in both languages may refer to nouns and to pronouns, usually express some additional adverbial meaning (cause, condition, comparison, concession, time etc.)

Ex: Very white, he turned back to the balcony. Зовсім блідий, він повернувся на балкон. (the subject “he” is not simply “white” (attribute), but “very white” – white to some degree; similarly in Uk. Наскільки блідий – зовсім блідий)

Sometimes Ukrainian equivalents of English loose attributes may have no synthetic agreement with their head components – Ex: There were two figures, middleaged and young. Там було дві постаті, середнього віку й молодшого віку.

A detached attribute can be also expressed by a prepositional noun.

The detached apposition – identifies or explains the head component which may noun or pronoun. Ex: In the east mountain peaks – fingers of snow – glittered above the mist. А на сході гірські шпилі... снігові пальці... виблискували понад туманом.

In Uk detached opposition may often be joined with the subordinating part wit the help of the conjunctions – або, чи, тобто, як by specifying words – як от, а саме, особливо, навіть, переважно, родом, на ймення тощо. The Eng. specifies are semantically similar – quite, almost, namely, by name etc. Uk. detached oppositions can often be in partial agreement (in number only) with the head component – Інженер- синоптик Марина Гриндерево. (Whichweather forecasting engineer?)

The detached object – is mostly expressed by prepositional pronouns or nouns, in Eng the main prepositions are – except/except for, with the exception of, in Uk крім/окрім, опріч, за винятком, замість; in the sentence they are structurally optional and always marked by commas or by dashes. Ex: Anybody else, except Alice, would’ve taken the goddam hint. Будь-хто, крім Еліс, зрозумів би його проклятий натяк.

The detached adverbial complements – adverbial complements of time, place, condition, concession, manner, comparison and attendant circumstances. The means of their expressing are isomorphic and allomorphic. Isomorphic – expression by means of an adverb, an adjective, a participle, a prepositional noun/pronoun; the implicit predicative meaning; distribution (in front, in midposition, in postposition to the modified component) Allomorphic means – gerund and the nominative absolute participial constructions in Eng. and in Uk дієприкметникові/дієприслівникові звороти, the nominals governed by prepositions; in Eng. the secondary predication constructions are joined by analytical connection, in Uk. the nominal components – with the help of synthetic or analytical-synthetic means.

Ex: Slowly, very slowly, she went. Повільно, дуже повільно йшла вона. (manner) Because of my age, I could not be persecuted. Через моє неповноліття, мене не змогли судити. (cause/reason)

Close to detached parts of the sentence are specifying parts – used postposed to the ordinary parts of the sentence to specify their meaning; are joined to their preceding components asyndetically/syndetically; most aof them are of adverbial meaning. Ex: He liked people, especially children. Він любив людей, а особливо дітей.

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