Conjunctions

are functional words realising the connection of homogeneous parts in co-ordinate word-groups and sentences or linking subordinate clauses in composite sentences. structure – isomorphism: 1) Simple (and, but, or, if, that, till і /й, а, бо, ні, та/. 2) Derivative/compound: all + though --» although, un + less -» unless, be + cause —» because, un + till -» until, where + as -» whereas, a + бо -» або, за + те -» зате, про + те — проте, як + що -» якщо, як + би -» якби, etc. 3) Composite (складені): as if, as soon as, in order that; так що; через те, що; для того, щоб; з того час, як; відтоді, як, etc.

NON-repeated (and, but, since a,) repeated (in Ukrainian) or correlative (in English), both... and, either..or, i — i, ні — ні,

common-isomorphic groups: a) co-ordinating conjunctions and b) subordinating conjunctions

co-ordinating: Copulative (єднальні): and, nor, neither... nor, as well as,; і/й, та, також, і... і, ні... ні, як... так і, не тільки... але й/і. Disjunctive: or, either... or або, ато, чи, або... або, чи... чи, то... то, чи то...чи то, 3) Adversative (протиставні): but, still, yet але, проте, зате, однак, все ж and others4) Resultative (пояснювальні): so, hence так, що, тож/отож, тобто, а саме, як от 5) The causal conjunction (for) is pertaining only to English The corresponding semantic equivalent of this conjunction in Ukrainian are, бо, тому що, оскільки

subordinating: Subordinate conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses are of isomorphic nature, i. e. common in both contrasted languages, too. They express different sense relations and fall into the following groups:

1. Conjunctions of time: since, until, till, as long as, after, before, while, as soon as, коли, відколи, поки, аж поки, доки, аж доки, як, після того як, в міру того як, як тільки, тільки що, щойно, ледве.

2. Conjunctions/connectives of place and direction: where, wherev er, whence, де, де б, куди, звідки.

3. Conjunctions of cause or reason: as, because, since, seeing, бо, через те що, тому що, затим що, оскільки.

4. Conjunctions of condition: if, unless, provided, supposing якби, якщо, якщо б, коли б, аби, скоро.

5. Conjunctions of purpose: lest, that, in order that, so that, щоб, для того щоб, з тим щоб.

6. Conjunctions of result: so that, that, так що, отож:, тож.

7. Conjunctions of concession: though, although, as, even if, even though, however, wherever, whatever, whichever, хоч, хай, нехай, дарма що, незважаючи (на).

8. Conjunctions of comparison: as, as...as, not so... as, than, as if, as though, як, що, мов, мовби, немов, немовби, наче, неначе, начебто, ніби, нібито.

Connectives stand separate from regular subordinating conjunctions. Regular conjunctions of this group are: that, whether, if, що, чи, якщо/якби which are used to introduce in both languages subject, object, predicative and attributive clauses

54 Constants of syntactic level. The word-group in both contrasted languages consists of two or more grammatically connected notional parts of speech expressing some content. Word-groups in English and Ukrainian may be: 1) syntactically free combinations of words like to learn much, to learn hard, to learn quickly, to learn well, to learn there/here, etc. or 2) idiomatically bound (constant) collocations, i. e. unchanged for the given sense word-combinations as to have dinner/supper, to take measures, to throw light, Hobson's choice. Can be simple (2 members), enlarged (complicated structure).

Sentence can be produced by one notional word but it 1)serves for predication (w-g for polinomimation) 2)has modality, 3)intonation contour 4) relative sense completion. Can be simple and composite (complex, compound).

Is. Features –1)synt unit (word-g., sentence), 2)types of syntactic connections, relations, processes, 3) functions performed by different parts of speech.

allomorphi c feat: 1) in the existence of various qualitative and quantitative differences in some paradigmatic classes of word-groups and sentences; 2) in some types of word-groups; 3) in the unequal representation of different means of syntactic connection; 4) in the existence of different ways of expressing predication; 5) in the difference in the structural forms of some English parts of the sentence; 6) in the means of joining some subordinate clauses to the main/principal clause, etc.

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