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Syntactic relations
| Type | Kind | English | Ukrainian |
| Coordination (independent relations) | Symmetric(elements are interchangeable) | translate and retell | книги й журнали |
| Asymmetric(elements are fixed) | ladies and gentlemen | пані та панове | |
| Subordination(relations of dependency: 1-cernal, 2-dependent) | Objectivedirected by the action of the transitive verb on some object, which may be a life of a lifeless component. | to give the book to Peter/ to give Peter the book | дати книжку Петрові |
| Attributiveformed between adjuncts & head words(subordinating parts) of nominal groups. | a beautiful flower | червона квітка | |
| Adverbialin co-ordinate & subordinate word-groups to express diff adv meanings | to speak slowly | працювати добре | |
| Predication | Primary -realized between the subject and predicate in any 2-member sentence of any paradigmatic form or structural type. | I am writing | Я пишу |
| Secondaryis formed in Eng by verbals in connection with other nominal parts of speech. The Sec pred constr are formed by the so-called infinitival, participial and gerundial complexes. | I saw her writing I found the windows closed –objective with the past part(adj) construction, identical meaning& structural form in Eng & Ukr | ------ Я застав вікно зачиненим (double predicate) |
Syntactic processes EXTERNAL ( lead to the appearance of the new element ) 1)Extension is achieved through adding subordinate components to an element that is the head/nucleus. this book – these books; цікаві книги. 2)Apposition – a kind of incorporation into the syntactic structure by addition. The city of London, Шевченко – поет 3)Detachment Detached may be any secondary part of the sentence and detachment is achieved through extension by means of subordination. Children just as easy-going. Діти- такі ж добродушні . 4)Specification a kind of modifying the syntactic unit by a complementing element of the same nature and function. Not tall, just average; Невисока, якраз середня 5)Enclosure a kind of modification of the sentence structure by inserting into it modal words or expressions or discourse markers. Naturally, I’ll come; Звичайно, я прийду.
INTERNAL ( occur within the same structure, no new element appears ) 1)Expansion – produce some straits of homogeneous members of the sent (adj, subj, predicates). The police, boys, dozens of people waved to him; Він встав і підійшов до столу. 2)Ellipsis - both main members of the sent are omitted. Where did you go yesterday? – To the theater; Ти коли приїхав? – Увечері . 3)Representation – a kind of reducing-substituting the large part of the sent. by 1 element. Only in Eng: Will you go to the cinema? – I’d like to. 4)Contamination – 2 syntaxemes merge into 1 predicative unit. The moon rose- The moon rose red; Наталка прибігла – Наталка прибігла сердита. 5)Compression – a kind of reduction of the syntaxeme into the absolute secondary predicative complexes. Only in English: He sat, his pen in his hand
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