EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Read, translate and comment on the form and meaning of the modal

Exercise 1. Read, translate and comment on the form and meaning of the modal

verbs “must, have to, be to”.

1. I must go and lay the table myself. 2. We had to walk all the way to the station.

3. Mary had to invent a story to escape from the house. 4. Henry must be sleeping.

5. I understand, darling, work has to come first. 6. They are to decide it right now.

7. It was the first and the last ceremony I was to see. 8. What am I to tell my parents? 9. He must be very competent in economics. 10. Nora must have loved James all her life. 11. Have a seat, please. I have to make a call before we leave.

12. When will you actually have to report? – I have no idea.13. The new tax was to

have been introduced last year, but the Duma boycotted it. 14. You’ve just broken the law and you’ll have to answer for it.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs” must, have to or be to”.

1. You___ (not tell) him about it. It's a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You___ (take) your raincoats. 3. You ___ (not talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he ___ (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He ___(wait) at the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager___ (come). 7. They ___ (leave) on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they ___ (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They___ (not tell) him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He___ (leave) for London that night. 10.___ I (do) it all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they___ (put up) with it. 12. You___ (not prepare) all this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you___ (not wait) long. 14. We___ (conduct) a series of experiments this week.

15. Remember that we ___ (be) at this place not later than noon.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct variant.

l. His German is very poor. He must (study/be studying/have studied) very hard.

2. His German is very good, he must (study/be studying/have studied) very hard.

3. His German has considerably improved, he must (study/be studying/have studied) hard during his holiday. 4. He must (study/be studying/have been studying) German these two years, his German is rather rich and fluent. 5. She must (have taken/be taking/have been taking) a bath at that moment that's why she did not answer your call. 6. She must (be/be being/have been) at home now, we saw her leaving the office. 7. She must (be/be being/have been) at home, she can't go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother. 8. You must always (think/be thinking/have thought) twice before you say anything. 9. Now he must (think/ be thinking/have thought) of what she has said. 10. He knows they are coming. They must (write/be writing/ have written) to him of their arrival in due time. 11. She must (play/be playing/have been playing) the piano now. 12. The foreigner must (understand/ understood/have understood) me, for he nodded his head. 13. Where is Sara?

I haven't seen her for a long time. — She must (stay/be staying/have stayed) at her friends'. She wanted to spend July with them. 14. He must (get/be getting/ have got) all he needed, otherwise he would have come again. 15. We must (meet/have met/have been meeting) somewhere before.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets and use the proper infinitive after the verb “ must”.

1. Look! All people in the street are going with their umbrellas up. It must (rain).

2. He has changed his job. He must (follow) your advice. 3. David must (fall) ill. Otherwise he would have come to the party. 4. Where is Michael? He must (be) here by now. — He lives in the country. He must (miss) the train. 5. What a dreadful

noise! What is the matter? — Our neighbors must (quarrel) again. 6. Nobody must (notice) that he was not used to speaking in public. 7. The criminal must (be) very careful. He did not leave any fingerprints. 8. We are late, I am afraid. Ann must (wait) for us. 9. He must (forget) that he promised to come. 10. They must (write)

a composition for two hours. They must (be) tired. 11. You must (misunderstand) me; I did not want to hurt your feelings. 12. Nobody must (see) him enter. Everybody startled when he came in. 13.I hear someone's steps outside. She must (go). 14. You may find him in the garden. He must (read). 15. It is impossible to change anything. One must (take) things as they are.

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb “ have to”.

1. Jemma ____ get up early to catch the coach. 2. He ____ submit to his fate. He had no choice. 3. You ____ say it to his face tomorrow. 4. The car broke down, so I ____

____ go by bus. 5. The building ____ be demolished. It’s not safe. 6. My passport was out of date, so I ____ renew it. 7. If weather conditions get any worse, the climbers ____ give up. 8. The old man told me he ____ work very hard when he was my age. 9. If business hadn’t improved, they ____ close down. 10. The manager says that I ____ reduce my lunch breaks.

Exercise 6. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. Mr. Bucket has to support his elderly parents. 2. We’ll have to admit that she is right.3. They had to turn to a private detective. 4. Michael has to read a lot for tomorrow’s exam. 5. These contracts have to be filed. 6. Whether they like it or not, they will have to do it. 7. Everybody has to be very careful with this device. 8. She had to study hard last semester. 9. I shall have to go out and greet the guests.

10. Again I have to have tinned food for dinner!

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb ” be to”.

1. Who ____ do the talking today? 2. The Government was to have reduced inflation. 3. She couldn’t make up her mind whether the letter ____ be answered or not. 4. How ____ I to know all this was going to happen this summer? 5. Whatever will be will be! You ____ discover very soon that it can’t be helped. 6. Some months later she ____ remember his words and wonder. 7. “You ____ not to blame. How ____ you to know that they could have drugged me?” 8. We ____ call them right now.

Exercise 8. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. The lecture is to begin at 9 a.m. 2. Ann was to come to the Institute an hour before the time and wait for her girl-friend in the hall. 3. They are to go to Spain in July.

4. After our last adventure we were to return to our hometown. 5. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I am to meet my Mum at the metro station at 6 sharp.

Exercise 9. Choose the right variant.

1. He wants us to obey him. We___exactly what he says.

a) have to do

b) must to do

c) are to do

2. Mrs. Sparred ___ very beautiful when she was young. She has a fine face.

a) was to be

b) must have been

c) must be

3. You___so late. You should leave after dinner.

a) are not to stay

b) must not have stayed

c) must not stay

4. Something ___. He___ at seven.

a) must happen, must come

b) must have happened, had to come

c) must have happened, was to have come

5. Yesterday's rain spoiled my shoes completely and I___new ones.

a) had to buy

b) must have bought

c) was to buy

6. Which of them___the documents?

a) must have brought

b) have to bring

c) was to bring

7. The only thing he knew for certain was that he ___them.

a) must not meet

b) hasn't to meet

c) is not to meet

8. You can't come in. You ___ a catching disease like that.

a) must not have

b) don't have to have

c) aren't to have

9. There___a garden once.

a) was to be

b) must have been

c) must be

10. We___in. The weather is changing.

a) must go

b) must have gone

c) are to go

Exercise 10. Translate into English using the verb “must” and its equivalents.

1. Вы должны следовать инструкции и ни в коем случае не должны нажимать на эту кнопку. 2. Он, должно быть, слышал об этом. 2. Этот дом, должно быть, построен в начале столетия. 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока вы ее не закончите. 4. У них, вероятно, сейчас урок. 5. Нужно ли связаться с агентством сегодня же? – Нет, не нужно. Но нужно сделать это завтра. 6. Он, вероятно, сейчас спит. 7. Я ищу этот дом вот уже полчаса и нигде не могу его найти. Должно быть, она дала мне неправильный адрес. 8. Мне не пришлось делать этот чертеж. 9. Он, вероятно, не успел закончить работу к пятнице и был вынужден потратить на нее все вы­ходные, т.к. ее нужно было закончить к понедельни­ку. 10. Она, должно быть, не полила сад. Земля очень сухая.

11. Выбора не было, и им пришлось согласить­ся. 12. Она, должно быть, ждет нас дома. 13. Она дол­жна ждать нас дома. 14. Ей, наверное, не сказали, что мы уже вернулись. 15. Ей пришлось извиниться, хотя это и было неприятно.

16. Вам нужно уходить. Вы, должно быть, устали. 17. Сегодня Александру необходимо поехать в центр города, потому что у него там деловая встреча.

18. Что же мне делать, сэр? Должен ли я уехать? 19. Генерал должен был вылететь на Балканы, но ситуация изменилась, и пилоту пришлось повернуть самолет обратно. 20. Какой беспорядок! Кто должен был делать уборку сегодня? 21. Они собирались пожениться, но этому не суждено было случиться.

22. Они направились в зал, где должен был состояться аукцион.

§ 5. Модальные глаголы “should, ought to”

1. Модальные глаголы should и ought to имеют только одну форму, которая употребляется в настоящем времени и не изменяется в косвенной речи. Эти глаголы практически имеют одни и те же значения и различаются лишь тем, что ought употребляется с частицей to, а should – без нее.

2. Они могут выражать:

а) моральный долг, совет или рекомендацию (следует, должен):

He should help them.

Он должен (ему следует, следовало бы) помочь им.

You ought to be more attentive at the lessons.

Вы должны быть более внимательны на уроках.

She shouldn’t go to bed so late.

Ей не следует ложиться спать так поздно.

б) недоумение, удивление, возмущение. В этом случае should придает

эмоциональную окраску высказыванию, не выражая модальности:

Why should I go there?

С какой стати мне туда идти?

How should I know?

Откуда мне знать?

3. Глаголы should и ought to в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive употребляются для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему:

You should be more careful.

Ты должен (тебе следует) быть более осторожным.

We should call on him tomorrow.

Мы должны (нам следует, следовало бы) зайти к нему завтра.

We ought to respect our parents.

Мы должны уважать своих родителей.

She ought to return her books to the library next Monday.

Она должна (ей следует, следовало бы) вернуть свои книги в библиотеку в следующий понедельник.

4. Глаголы should и ought to в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляются по отношению к прошедшему и выражают, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или поступило, по мнению говорящего, неправильно, т.е. выражает порицание или упрек:

He should have helped her.

Он должен был (ему следовало, следовало бы) помочь ей.

You shouldn’t have gone there yesterday.

Вы не должны были (вам не следовало, не следовало бы) ходить туда

вчера.

They ought to have done it yesterday.

Они должны были (им следовало, следовало бы) сделать это вчера.

Tom ought not to have sent that telegram.

Том не должен был (Тому не следовало, не следовало бы) посылат ь ту телеграмму.

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