EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Read, translate and comment on the form and meaning of the modal

Exercise 1. Read, translate and comment on the form and meaning of the modal

verbs “should, ought to”.

1. People should reflect how tender the Earth’s environment is. 2. Is it vitally important that I should say “yes”? 3. We should consult three things in all our actions: justice, honesty and utility. 4. Well, you should be working now instead of relaxing. In fact you should have finished everything by now. 5. How should I know about their arrival? But should I hear something, I’ll let you know. 6. A gentleman should be honest in his actions and refined in his language. 7. Law makers should not be law breakers.8. Kings ought to be kings in all things. 9. A liar ought to have a good memory. 10. We pass our lives in doing what we ought not, and leaving undone what we ought to. 11. Molly hesitated. Ought she to accept this present from a stranger? 12. You ought to remember the rule, it has been explained so many times before. 13. He ought to have done what I told him? – Ought I to speak to him? 14. I really ought to find something to take my mind off my troubles.

Exercise 2. Match the parts of the sentences.

1) My room is in a mess and my friends a) He should always turn them on

are coming to visit me tonight. in the dark otherwise he may

have an accident.

2) You haven't paid your monthly rent yet. b) You ought to go on a diet.

Friday is the last day you can do it.

3) Tom drives the car without headlights. c) You should ring her up and

apologize.

4) Anna's library book is due today. d) She ought to give up smoking.

5) I've put on weight recently. e) He should go to the dentist's.

6) I am afraid, I was rude to Kate f) You ought to put it in order.

yesterday.

7) I've got urgent work and my computer g) You should record the film.

does not work. Have you got a VCR?

8) He has a bad toothache. h) You ought to go to the bank till

Friday and pay it.

9) I have a test tomorrow but there is i) You should phone Nick. He's got

a film on TV I've wanted to see so much. clever fingers.

10) She has a bad cough but she j) She ought to return her books today

goes on smoking. if she doesn't want to pay a fine.

Exercise 3. Read the situations and write sentences with “should (shouldn't) have” or ” ought to (ought not to) have”.

Example: He had a test this morning. — He didn't do it well. He should have studied more last night.

1. She didn't take a taxi. She was late for the wedding. 2.1 didn't eat at home. Now I'm hungry. 3. She bought a TV set last month. Now she regrets doing that. Her children watch it day and night. 4. He signed a contract without reading it thoroughly. Now he has discovered that he has no right to make any amendments there. 5. Mary sold her house. That was a mistake because now she spends a lot of money to rent an apartment. 6. I enjoyed the party last night a lot. Why didn't you come? 7. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly and I smashed into the back of his car. It was not my fault. 8. The boy went out without the doctor's permission. Now he is much worse.

9. When we arrived at the hotel there were no free rooms. We hadn't reserved one. 10. It was not a good idea for Tom and Mary to get married. Now they quarrel all days long.

Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.

1. She looks bad. She should (be/have been) more careful about her health. 2. You shouldn't (miss/have missed) the chance. It was a brilliant opportunity for you.

3. I think the policeman was right. She shouldn't (exceed/have exceeded) the speed.

4. I ought to (bring have taken) the opera glasses. Now I see nothing. 5. It seems to me that he is a hot-temper person and often flies into a rage because of mere trifles. He should (control/ have controlled) his temper. 6. They should (clear/have cleared) up the problem long time ago. 7. I ought not to (stay/have stayed) there long. The party was a failure. 8. You should (shave/have shaved) this beard of yours!

9. She should (be/have been) more attentive. Didn't she see a car on the right? 10. It's a secret. You ought not to (reveal/have revealed) it to anybody.

Exercise 5. Choose the right variant.

1. Don't argue with her, you ____ her age.

a) need respect

b) have to respect

c) ought to respect

d) are to respect

2. You ____ it long ago.

a) must do

b) should have done

c) needn't have done

d) are to do

3. This is serious; you____at it.

a) haven't to laugh

b) should not laugh

c) don't have to laugh

d) must not have laughed

4. There____an interesting concert last night, but I didn't feel well and____home.

a) had to be, had to stay

b) should be, was to stay

c) must be, ought to stay

d) was to be, had to stay

5. According to the rules a football player____the ball with his hands.

a) must not touch

b) need not touch

c) don't have to touch

d) must not have touched

6. The situation was dangerous. You ____frightened.

a) should have got

b) must have got

c) have to get

d) need have got

7. We ____ to write and thank them for their hospitality.

a) must not forget

b) must not have forgotten

c) shouldn't forget

d) don't have to forget

8. Why____I know where he is?

a) should

b) must

c) need

d) ought

9. They____more polite.

a) need have been

b) should have been

c) must have been

d) are to have been

10. You____so much noise or you'll wake up the baby!

a) must not make

b) must not have made

c) needn't have made

d) don't have to make

Exercise 6. Translate into English, using “should” or ” ought to”.

1. Тебе следует больше трудиться и не следует пропускать занятия. 2. Что ребенок делает здесь? Ему следует быть в постели. 3. Если вы хотите преуспеть, то вам следует набраться знаний, опыта и терпения. 4. А не следует ли мне брать уроки вождения? 5. В больших городах животных следует держать под контролем. 6. Как настоящему другу тебе не следовало бы скрывать правду, тебе следовало все мне рассказать именно в тот критический момент. 7. Тебе следовало позвонить ему вчера. 8. Ему не следовало говорить

с ней таким тоном (tone). Его тон, должно быть, и обидел (hurt) ее. 9. Вам следовало давным-давно бросить пить и курить. Нужно было думать о своем здоровье смолоду. 10. Животных не следует запирать в клетки, им следует жить в естественных условиях. 11. Я чувствую, что мне следует проводить больше времени со своими детьми. 12. Я считаю, что мне следует отказаться от этой идеи. Игра не стоит свеч. 13. Тебе следовало это предвидеть. 14. Учителю следует знать психологию ребенка. 15. Ирине следует быть более решительной. 16. Следует ли мне быть откровенной с ним? 17. Тебе следует спать, а не смотреть сериал. 18. Ему следовало бы помнить правила и ехать по левой стороне. 19. Что мне следует сделать, чтобы ты была счастлива? 20. Тебе следует следить за своим весом.

§ 6. Модальный глагол “need”

1. Модальный глагол need имеет только одну неизменную форму.

В сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive он употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях и выражает ненужность совершения действия. На русский язык переводится словами: «надо ли, нужно ли, не надо, не нужно, нет необходимости»:

Need he go there?

Нужно ли ему идти туда?

You needn’t come so early.

Вам незачем приходить так рано.

2. Следует иметь в виду, что в утвердительном ответе на вопрос с глаголом

need употребляется must:

Need I phone them right now? – Yes, you must.

Надо ли мне звонить им прямо сейчас? – Да, надо.

C другой стороны, в отрицательном ответе на вопрос с глаголом must употребляется needn’t:

Must I phone them right now? – No, you needn’t.

Должен ли я звонить им прямо сейчас?

– Нет, не надо (нет необходимости).

3. “Need not (needn’t) в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется по отношению к прошедшему времени и выражает то, что лицу, о котором идет речь, не было необходимости (надобности) совершить действие:

We needn’t have hurried: she wasn’t ready yet.

Нам не нужно было (не было необходимости) спешить: она еще не была готова.

Примечание: “Need” может употребляться и как смысловой глагол со значением «нуждаться в чем-либо». В этом случае глагол “need” не является модальным:

He needs a long rest. Ему нужен продолжительный отдых.

Do you need my advice? Вам нужен мой совет?

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