ECOLOGY

1.Ecology had no firm beginnings. It evolved from the natural history of Greeks. They first described the interrelationships between organisms and between their nonliving environment. Later foundations for modern ecology were laid in the early work of plant and animal physiologists.

2.Modern ecology is now focused on the concept of the ecosystem, a functional unit consisting of interacting organisms and all aspects of the environment in any specific area. It contains both interacting organisms and all aspects of the environment in any specific area. It contains both the nonliving and living components through which nutrients are cycled and energy flows. To accomplish this cycling and flow, ecosystems must possess a number of structured interrelationships between soil, water, and nutrients, on the one hand, and producers, consumers, and decomposers on the other.

3.One of the major problem areas of modern technological society is that of preserving a healthy environmental balance. Though man has been damaging his environment for centuries by over-cutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are promoting a world-wide ecological crises. This includes are dangers involved in destruction of the equatorial rain forests, the careless exploitation of minerals by open-mining techniques, and the pollution of the oceans by radioactive waste and of the atmosphere by combustion products. These include oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, which produce acid rain, and carbon dioxide, which may affect the world’s climate through the so-called greenhouse effect.

4. The great public concern about pollution in the advanced nations is both overdue and welcome. Once more, however, it needs to be said that the fault for this waste-making abuse of technology lies with man himself rather than the tools he uses. For all his intelligence, man in communities behaves with a lack of respect for his environment that is both short-sighted and potentially suicidal.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The structure of communities can change with time.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

It’s necessary to preserve the environment for people to be healthy.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The pollution of the oceans by radioactive waste is called greenhouse effect.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Overcutting trees for centuries man has been damaging his environment.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The ecosystem is a concept that unifies plant and animal ecology, population dynamics, behaviour, and evolution.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Environmental problems causing global ecological crisis.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What was meant by ‘ecology’ in ancient Greece?

1) Ancient Greeks considered ‘ecology’ to consist of various aspects of terrestrial ecosystems.

2) Ancient Greeks considered ‘ecology’ to be the study of the organization and functioning of communities.

3) Ancient Greeks considered ‘ecology’ to be the study of the behavioral responses of animals to their environment.

4) Ancient Greeks considered ‘ecology’ to be interrelationships between different organisms and between organisms and their nonliving environment.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) The history of ecology is not long.

2) Ecology concerns numerous areas of studies.

3) Ecosystems are deeply interrelated.

4) All modern ecological problems are caused by the man.

TEST 9

ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа

No one wants to be ____, that is to be neither attractive nor unattractive.

1) plain 2) good-looking

3) beautiful 4) ugly

ЗАДАНИЕ 2 Выберите один вариант ответа

He has dropped his new glasses and broken them. Now he is looking for his old ____.

1) one 2) couple

3) pair 4) match

ЗАДАНИЕ 3 Выберите один вариант ответа

A desert is a _____ form or region that receives very little precipitation.

1) steppe 2) tundra

3) landscape 4) grassland

ЗАДАНИЕ 4 Выберите один вариант ответа

A ___ climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance

1) humid continental 2) oceanic

3) Mediterranean 4) humid subtropical

ЗАДАНИЕ 5 Выберите один вариант ответа

A tall building must have a certain minimum ____ but there is no limit to its ____.

1) wide; high 2) width; height

3) wider; higher 4) widen; heighten

ЗАДАНИЕ 6 Выберите один вариант ответа

This friend of ____ is always chattering.

1) yours 2) your

3) us 4) him

ЗАДАНИЕ 7 Выберите один вариант ответа

This road is 2 kilometres ____ than that one.

1) longest 2) as long as

3) long 4) longer

ЗАДАНИЕ 8 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ newspapers are usually delivered twice ____ day.

1) the; the 2) -; the

3) -; a 4) the; -

ЗАДАНИЕ 9 Выберите один вариант ответа

You can’t visit a theatre ____ a ticket.

1) for 2) without

3) with 4) by

ЗАДАНИЕ 10 Выберите один вариант ответа

I cannot do it ____ I am busy.

1) because 2) or

3) though 4) but

ЗАДАНИЕ 11 Выберите один вариант ответа

Dick ____ me as soon as he ____ home.

1) will phone; will come 2) will phone; comes

3) will phone; come 4) phones; comes

ЗАДАНИЕ 12 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ in Manchester for many years, he knew the city well.

1) Lived 2) Being lived

3) To have lived 4) Having lived

ЗАДАНИЕ 13 Выберите один вариант ответа

My friends put me ____ when I visited London, so I didn’t have to pay for a hotel.

1) down 2) off

3) on 4) up

ЗАДАНИЕ 14 Выберите один вариант ответа

We ____ start at 5, ____ we? – No, you ____. You ____ start at 6.

1) have to; don’t we; don’t; can 2) may; may not; mustn’t; can

3) must; mustn’t; needn’t; may 4) are to; aren’t; aren’t; can

ЗАДАНИЕ 15 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Your friend: Would you like to have a chat?

You: ______________________

1) Thanks, I’d love to with pleasure. 2) You can’t say so.

3) I expect you to come earlier. 4) I wish Ben was with us.

ЗАДАНИЕ 16 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

You: Could you give us a customs form, please?

Clerk: I don’t have any. ______________

1) Only the customs officer. 2) Could you?

3) This way the customs is. 4) They are over there on that table.

ЗАДАНИЕ 17 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

You: Sorry, I’m late. I overslept.

Teacher: ______________. We are glad to see you.

1) Never mind. 2) See you later.

3) See you. 4) Bye then.

ЗАДАНИЕ 18 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

We: Have a nice journey!

You: __________________________

1) I’m afraid I’m airsick. 2) Thanks a lot. I’ll call you as soon as I arrive.

3) Yes, I have. 4) Relax. Take it easy.

ЗАДАНИЕ 19 Выберите один вариант ответа

The meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at ____ is called the zero.

1) Windsor 2) Greenwich

3) London 4) Kent

ЗАДАНИЕ 20 Выберите один вариант ответа

___ is the monument situated on an island in New York Harbour which symbolizes the enlightenment of the world.

1) the Lincoln Memorial 2) the Washington Monument

3) the Statue of Liberty 4) the Capitol

ЗАДАНИЕ 21 Выберите один вариант ответа

English and French are official languages in ____.

1) New Zealand 2) Australia

3) Canada 4) Mexico

ЗАДАНИЕ 22 Выберите один вариант ответа

____(1847 – 1922), American inventor, constructor of the phonograph.

1) Isaac Merrit Singer 2) Thomas Elva Edison

3) Albert Einstein 4) James Watson

ЗАДАНИЕ 23 Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке

1) Dear Sir

2) Yours faithfully

Robert White

Administrator

3) Mr David O’Connor

Beauty Products Ltd

86 Knightsbridge Road

Belfast IB 630 N5

Northern Ireland

4) On Her Majesty’s Service

Buckingham Palace

St James’s Park

London

10 May 2010

5) The administrators of Buckingham Palace have pleasure in inviting you to tender for a contract as official supplier to Her Majesty the Queen. Please find enclosed an invitation to attend a reception at the Palace, at which all current and potential suppliers will be present. We look forward to your early reply.

ЗАДАНИЕ 24 Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.

A) the addressee’s company name

B) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

C) the town the letter comes from

D) the addressee

E) the ZIP Code in the return address

F) the street name in the mailing address

ЗАДАНИЕ 25 Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок

1) Letter of enquiry 2) Offer

3) Letter of advice 4) Invitation

ЗАДАНИЕ 26 Выберите слова или сочетания слов для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления протокола собрания

HARPER & GRANT Ltd

MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Tuesday 1 March 2010, 2:00 – 4:00 p.m., Victoria Room, London Headquarters

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