HIERARCHY OF CLASSES

1. Oceans and continents exemplify the highest-order landforms. Landform elements are parts of a high-order landforms that can be further identified and systematically given a cohesive definition such as hill-tops, shoulders, saddles, etc. Landform elements also include seascape and oceanic waterbody interface features, such as the great ocean basins under the thin skin of water. Landforms do not include man-made features, such as canals, ports and many harbours; and geographic features, such as deserts, forests, grasslands and impact craters.

2. Some generic landform elements including pits, peaks, channels, ridges may be extracted from a digital elevation model using some automated techniques where the data has been gathered by modern satellites and stereoscopic aerial surveillance cameras. Until recently, compiling the data found in such data sets required time consuming and expensive techniques of many man-hours.

3. Elementary landforms (segments, facets, relief units) are the smallest homogeneous divisions of the land surface, at the given scale. These are areas with relatively homogeneous morphometric properties, bounded by lines of discontinuity. A plateau or a hill can be observed at various scales ranging from few hundred metres to hundred of kilometres. Hence, the spatial distribution of landforms is often scale-dependent as in the case for soils and geological strata.

4. A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition, can generate and affect landforms. Biological factors can also influence landforms – for example, note the role of vegetation in the development of dune systems and salt marshes, and the work of corals and algae in the formation of coral reefs.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The study of spatial distribution of landforms is the main subject in geology.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Among the main landforms are forests and canals.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Nowadays the newest technologies and advanced techniques are used in studying landforms.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The land surface is divided into segments depending on the homogeneous properties.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The development of landforms is influenced by a number of factors.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Numerous techniques and advanced technologies are used in studying landforms. 1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What does the distribution of soil strata depend on?

1) It greatly depends on vegetation.

2) It is influenced by erosion and deposition.

3) It often depends on scale.

4) It is affected by man-made features.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) The factors affecting the development of landforms are numerous and various.

2) There is a close connection between geological and biological factors in the generating of landforms.

3) Different methods are used in classifying landforms

4) While classifying landforms scientists take into consideration different factors and use a number of techniques.

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