CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION

1. The earliest known climatic classifications were those of classical Greek times. Such schemes generally divided the Earth into latitudinal zones based on the significant parallels of 0.235, and 66.5 of latitude and on the length of day. Modern climate classification has its origins in the mid of the 19th century, with the first published maps of temperature and precipitation over the Earth, which permitted the development of methods of climate grouping that used both variables simultaneously.

2. Many different schemes of classifying climate have been devised (more than 100), but all of them may be broadly differentiated as either empiric or genetic methods. This distinction is based on the nature of the data used for classification. Empiric methods make use of observed climatic data, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation, or simple quantities derived from them (e.g., evaporation).

3. In contrast, a genetic method classifies climate on the basis of its causal elements, the activity and characteristics of all factors (air masses, circulation systems, fronts, jet streams, solar radiation, topographic effects, etc.) that give rise to the spatial and temporal patterns of climatic data. Hence, while empiric classifications are largely descriptive of climate, genetic methods are (or should be) explanatory.

4. Empiric methods may be subdivided further based on the manner in which the climatic data are used. Some approaches attempt to employ climatic data directly and to group patterns of their statistics on some "rational" basis, drawing guidance from the numbers themselves. More commonly, however, climates have been classified on the basis of the response of some phenomenon to climate. For example, climatic types have been differentiated on the basis of natural vegetation distributions, human comfort, soil formation, rock weathering, and myriad other factors whose intensity, nature, or distribution are felt to be controlled or influenced by climate.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Genetic methods include scientific data of climatic processes interaction.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Criteria for differentiating climatic groups are determined on the basis of evaporation properties.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Empiric methods use climate description.

1) истинным

2) ложным

3) в тексте нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

There are less than one hundred schemes of climate classifying.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The first attempts of climatic classifications go back to ancient times.

1) 2 2) 1

3) 4 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Natural vegetation distribution is one of the climatic type characteristics.

1) 3 2) 1

3) 4 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

What is observed climatic data?

1) It is a system of wind circulation.

2) It is solar radiation and topographic effects control.

3) It is temperature and humidity measurement data.

4) It is a map of soil formation.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Meteorological data play an important role for climatic studies.

2) The Earth is divided into latitudinal zones.

3) There are different approaches of climate classifications.

4) Weather conditions are under scientific control.

TEST 4

ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа

If you are ____ you run your own small business.

1) unemployed 2) employee

3) runner 4) self-employed

ЗАДАНИЕ 2 Выберите один вариант ответа

A ____ implies struggle and sufferings without complaining of hardships at attainment.

1) aim 2) purpose

3) objective 4) goal

ЗАДАНИЕ 3 Выберите один вариант ответа

A season is a division of the year marked by changes in __, ecology and hours of daylight.

1) climate 2) weather

3) vegetation 4) fauna

ЗАДАНИЕ 4 Выберите один вариант ответа

An ____ comprises a dynamic system of plant, animal, fungal and micro-organism communities and the associated non-living physical and chemical factors.

1) biotic interaction 2) biosphere

3) ecosystem 4) environmental development

ЗАДАНИЕ 5 Выберите один вариант ответа

Helen’s mind is filled with all kinds of ____.

1) knowledge 2) know

3) knowing 4) knowledges

ЗАДАНИЕ 6 Выберите один вариант ответа

Why are you alone? Where are the ____?

1) another 2) others

3) other 4) all

ЗАДАНИЕ 7 Выберите один вариант ответа

This book is ____ as yours.

1) as interesting 2) more interesting

3) interesting 4) the most interesting

ЗАДАНИЕ 8 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ Buckingham Palace is situated not far from ____ Trafalgar Square and ____ National Gallery.

1) -; the; the 2) the; the; the

3) the; -; the 4) -; -; the

ЗАДАНИЕ 9 Выберите один вариант ответа

They arrived ____ the airport on time.

1) at 2) in

3) to 4) towards

ЗАДАНИЕ 10 Выберите один вариант ответа

He went out ____ of the fact that he had a bad cold.

1) so that 2) unless

3) as 4) in spite

ЗАДАНИЕ 11 Выберите один вариант ответа

She ____ the film when she ____ a teenager.

1) had seen; was 2) was seeing; was

3) saw; had been 4) saw; was

ЗАДАНИЕ 12 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ the key we couldn’t get into the flat.

1) Loosing 2) Lost

3) To have lost 4) Having lost

ЗАДАНИЕ 13 Выберите один вариант ответа

Because I was ill and away from University, I have fallen ____ with my studies.

1) behind 2) for

3) on 4) out

ЗАДАНИЕ 14 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ I cross the street now? – No, you ____. There’s a red light shining.

1) Can; can’t 2) May; mustn’t

3) Must; needn’t 4) Will; shouldn’t

ЗАДАНИЕ 15 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Your sister: I’ve got a high temperature.

You: _______________________

1) Go to the doctor then. 2) Oh, dear. You’d better call a doctor.

3) Never mind. 4) Will you repeat it, please?

ЗАДАНИЕ 16 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Sally: Would you like to come to the party on Saturday May 15th at 7 p.m.?

Jim: __________________________

1) Really? 2) Thank you for the invitation. Yes, I’d like to.

3) Sure. 4) I must think it over.

ЗАДАНИЕ 17 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

An interviewer: Why do you want to change jobs now?

You: _____________________

1) I want a better job. 2) You see, I’d like to get a promotion.

3) I like this area very much. 4) I need more money.

ЗАДАНИЕ 18 Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант ответа

Ted: Thank you for the trouble you’ve taken.

Mike: ______________________________

1) I’ll do everything you asked me. 2) No trouble at all.

3) What’s the trouble? 4) Yes, certainly.

ЗАДАНИЕ 19 Выберите один вариант ответа

The Romans settled down to colonizing the city which they called ____.

1) London 2) Londinium

3) the City 4) Westminster

ЗАДАНИЕ 20 Выберите один вариант ответа

The USA is known as a country of immigrants and that’s why called ____.

1) the melting pot 2) the big apple

3) the soup bowl 4) the big cup

ЗАДАНИЕ 21 Выберите один вариант ответа

The ____ is Canada’s largest geographical feature, it is considered to be the nucleus of the North American continent and is made up of roots of ancient mountains.

1) Shield 2) Cordillera

3) Prairies 4) Arctic

ЗАДАНИЕ 22 Выберите один вариант ответа

____ (1881–1955), Scottish biologist and pharmacologist, discovered penicillin.

1) Sir William Harvey 2) Sir Alexander Fleming

3) Linus Carl Pauling 4) Edward Jenner

ЗАДАНИЕ 23 Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке

1) Bunbery Estate Builders

17 Fen Road

London ES3 5AP

12 March 2010

2) Yours faithfully

3) Dear Sirs

4) Waltson Ltd

23 Snow Street

Birmingham FN3 9YM

England

5) With regards to your advertisement in the Builders Journal of 3 March, we would ask you to forward a quotation for the new bathroom showers specified.

As building constructors we erect about hundred houses a year. If your equipment meets our requirements, and we get a favourable offer, we would place a large order with you.

ЗАДАНИЕ 24 Перед Вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.

A) the addressee’s company name

B) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

C) the town the letter comes from

D) the addressee

E) the ZIP Code in the return address

F) the street name in the mailing address

ЗАДАНИЕ 25 Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок

1) CV 2) Advertisement

3) Application 4) Offer

ЗАДАНИЕ 26 Выберите слова или сочетания слов для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления факса

Thank you for your enquiry about our new executive range of office telephones. As requested, I am faxing pp. 36 – 38 of our current catalogue, featuring the most recent additions to our range. The complete catalogue follows by post.

I look forward to hearing your feedback and a successful future cooperation between our companies.

Yours sincerely (4).

A) Page/s B) To

C) Fred Sullivan D) Fax No.

Sales Manager

ЗАДАНИЕ 27 (выберите один вариант ответа)

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