ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

1.Ecosystem services are ecologically mediated functional processes essential to sustaining healthy human societies. They can be direct or indirect. Direct ecosystem services are: pollination, wood, erosion prevention etc. Climate moderation, nutrient cycles, detoxifying natural substances could be considered indirect ones. Water provision and filtration, production of biomass in forestry, agriculture, and fisheries, and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere are examples of ecosystem services essential to public health and economics.

2. Nutrient cycling is a process fundamental to agricultural and forest production. However, like most ecosystem processes, nutrient cycling is not an ecosystem characteristic which can be ‘dialed’ to the most desirable level. Maximizing production in degraded systems is an overly simplistic solution to the complex problems of hunger and economic security.

3. For instance, intensive fertilizer use in the Midwestern US has resulted in degraded fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. Regrettably, a ‘green revolution’ of intensive chemical fertilization has been recommended for agriculture in developed and developing countries. These short-sighted strategies risk alteration of ecosystem processes that may be difficult to restore, especially when applied at broad scales without adequate assessment of impacts.

4. Ecosystem processes may take many years to recover from significant disturbance. For instance, large-scale forest clearance in the northeastern US during the 18th and 19th centuries has altered soil texture, dominant vegetation and nutrient cycling in ways that impact forest productivity in the present day. An appreciation of the importance of ecosystem function plans for restoration of essential processes. Improved knowledge of ecosystem function will help to achieve long-term sustainability and stability in the poorest parts of the world.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Maintenance of productivity is necessary both in agriculture and forestry.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Ecosystem processes recover quickly from disturbances.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere is an example of ecosystem services.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Waste management is an ecosystem service.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Inadequately assessed agricultural strategies may significantly disturb the ecosystem.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Some forest productivity problems of today resulted from the alteration of ecosystem processes more than 200 years ago.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

When is it necessary to appreciate the importance of ecosystem function?

1) It’s necessary in maintenance of productivity and planning the restoration of essential processes.

2) It will be necessary in future to keep ecosystem balanced.

3) It’s necessary when solving the problem of economic security of the country.

4) It was necessary in the 18th and 19th centuries.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Nutrient cycling is an ecosystem characteristic feature.

2) Ecosystem services should both sustain healthy human societies and provide stability in habitats.

3) Ecosystem services are essential to public health.

4) A ‘green revolution’ of chemical fertilization had a two-folded character.

Поиск по сайту: