ADDITIONAL LEXICAL TEST

№ 1. Man-made threats to the Earth's natural ____ include pollution, deforestation, and disasters such as oil spills.

1) environment 2) landscape 3) nature 4) surface

№ 2. Pollution and deforestation have contributed to the ________ of many plants and animals.

1) evolution 2) development 3) extinction 4) appearance

№ 3. A _______ is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by a government, set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, animal and environmental protection and restricted from most development.

1) nature reserve 2) conservation area 3) national park 4) land reclamation

№ 4. Forests cover approximately 9,4% of the Earth’s surface, constituting one of the most important aspects of the Earth’s ________.

1) atmosphere 2) biosphere 3) hydrosphere 4) lithosphere

№ 5. A ____ is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area.

1) kingdom 2) population 3) habitat 4) class

№ 6. A season is a division of the year marked by changes in __, ecology and hours of daylight.

1) climate 2) weather 3) vegetation 4) fauna

№ 7. _____ is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems.

1) Biome 2) Bioaccumulation 3) Biodiversity 4) Biomass

№ 8. Due to the pressures of population and our technology the ____ is being degraded, sometimes permanently.

1) landscape 2) biosphere

3) biophysical environment 4) potentially renewable resource

№ 9. An ____ comprises a dynamic system of plant, animal, fungal and micro-organism communities and the associated non-living physical and chemical factors.

1) biotic interaction 2) biosphere

3) ecosystem 4) environmental development

№ 10. A natural feature of our atmosphere without which life on our planet would be impossible is called a _____.

1) greenhouse gas 2) global warming

3) air pollution 4) greenhouse effect

№ 11. ____ refers to the surrounding of an object, the physical and biological factors that effect an organism.

1) biosphere 2) environment 3) ecosystem 4) biotic interaction

№ 12. Cryosphereis the science which collectively describes the portion of the Earth’s surface where water is in ______ form.

1) liquid 2) cold 3) ice 4) hot

№ 13. A steppe is a dry _____ with an annual temperature range in the summer up to 40^o C and during the winter down to – 40^o C.

1) landscape 2) environment 3) grassland 4) ground

№ 14. A desert is a _____ form or region that receives very little precipitation.

1) steppe 2) tundra 3) landscape 4) grassland

№ 15. Habitat is a natural environment in which an organism lives or the physical environment that surrounds a ____ population.

1) species 2) taxon 3) race 4) kingdom

№ 16. On Earth a body of water is considered a ____ when it is inland, not part of the ocean and is fed by a river.

1) pond 2) stream 3) lake 4) sea

№ 17. Geomorphic cycleis atheory of the evolution of ___.

1) mountains 2) landforms 3) oceans 4) rocks

№ 18. Geosphere refers to the ____ parts of the Earth and is used along with atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere to describe the systems of the Earth.

1) liquid 2) gaseous 3) vapour 4) solid

№ 19. Lines of _____ are imaginary horizontal lines shown running east-to-west.

1) longitude 2) latitude 3) elevation 4) parallel

№ 20. _______ is an underwater part of the continent that has a geological structure similar to the adjoining land.

1) Rock 2) Platform 3) Shelf 4) Base

№ 21. Meteorological seasons are reckoned by _______.

1) temperature 2) humidity 3) pressure 4) air front

№ 22. ___ is the branch of science that study the solid earth and the processes by which it is shaped and changed.

1) Pedology 2) Geology 3) Geodesy 4) Geomorphology

№ 23. The Earth’s outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of _______.

1) sediment 2) soil 3) rock 4) terrain

№ 24. _________ is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes.

1) Climate 2) Weather 3) Temperature 4) Humidity

№ 25. A ___ climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance

1) humid continental 2) oceanic 3) Mediterranean 4) humid subtropical

№ 26. ___ is a naturally occurring soil aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.

1) rock 2) soil 3) sediment 4) lithosphere

№ 27. The main purpose of ___ is to study rocks.

1) seismology 2) geodesy 3 ) petrology 4) geometeorology

№ 28. ____ is a natural process but it has been increased dramatically by human land use, especially industrial agriculture, deforestation and urban sprawl.

1) Soil erosion 2) Soil pollution 3) Sustainable agriculture 4) Salinization

№ 29. _______ comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such is typically an element of topography.

1) Landform 2) Terrain 3) Wilderness 4) Nature

№ 30. ____ is a process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers.

1) Adaptation 2) Genetic variation 3) Biopoesis 4) Natural selection

№ 31. The study of ____ is known as histology.

1) cell 2) organism 3) tissue 4) organ

№ 32. Various types of ___ and spruces dominate in the boreal coniferous forests.

1) pines 2) barks 3) buds 4) leaves

№ 33. Food chains and food webs are representations of the predator-prey relationships between ______ within an ecosystem or habitat.

1) specimen 2) taxa 3) species 4) organisms

№ 34. _____ is an enlarged complex aboveground body of a fungus.

1) Moss 2) Mushroom 3) Flower 4) Berry

№ 35. More precise different measures such as similarity of DNA, morphology or ecological niche are used to define a ____.

1) specimen 2) variant 3) morph 4) species

№ 36. _____ deals with the ethical implication of both biological research and the applications of that research, especially in medicine.

1) Bioengineering 2) Biopsychology 3) Bioethics 4) Biosociology

№ 37. ___ is a subdivision of biology which studies the functions of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems,

1) Morphology 2) Cytology 3) Physiology 4) Anatomy

№ 38. Cytology is a subdivision of ____.

1) genetics 2) morphology 3) histology 4) physiology

№ 39. All ___ use their bioelectric potentials to assist or control metabolic processes.

1) molecules 2) cells 3) organisms 4) tissue

№ 40. _____ is the artificial transfer of specific genes from one organism to another.

1) Genetic engineering 2) Biopoiesis 3) Conservation biology 4) Bionomics

№ 41. _____ is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, either in nature or experimentally by the use of chemicals or radiation.

1) Genetic engineering 2) Bionomics 3) Conservation biology 4) Mutagenesis

№ 42. Transfection is the process deliberately introducing nucleic ____ into cells.

1) alkalis 2) acids 3) viruses 4) compounds

№ 43. _____ is more often used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria, non-animal eukaryotic cells and plant cells.

1) Mutagenesis 2) Transfection 3) Transformation 4) Genetic engineering

№ 44. The term ___ refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter and buildings to neighbourhood and cites that can often include their supporting infrastructure.

1) environmental management 2) environmental development

3) physical environment 4) built environment

№ 45. The largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions is called _____.

1) ecosystem 2) biosphere 3) biomass 4 ) biome

№ 46. _____ tries together concern for the carrying capacity of natural system with the social challenges facing humanity.

1) Sustainable system 2) Sustainable development

3) Sustainable tourism 4) Sustainable agriculture

№ 47. The field of ____ can be conceptually broken into 3 constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.

1) 1) sustainable system 2) sustainable development

3) sustainable tourism 4) sustainable agriculture

№ 48. A common regulatory mechanism which causes a system to change less in some direction is called a____.

1) natural selection 2) open system

3) positive feedback 4) negative feedback

№ 49. ______ are able to convert abiotic raw materials into biotic tissue.

1) Indicator species 2) Keystone species

3) Primary producers 4) Specialized species

№ 50. The bottom of the ______ is comprised of primary producers and its peak is topped by predators.

1) pyramid of energy flow 2) pyramid of biomass

3) feed chain 4) natural selection

№ 51. ______ is any substance that has harmful concentrations of toxic materials and is dangerous for living beings.

1) Greenhouse gas 2) Hazardous waste

3) Nonbiodegradable substance 4) Nonrenewable resource

№ 52. An ______ is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

1) air polluted area 2) urban heat island

3) urban thermal plume 4) urban development area

№ 53. Only a few of _________ species obtain legal protection like Pandas.

1) threatened 2) extinct 3) endangered 4) extant

№ 54. _____ is the academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.

1) Environmental education 2) Environmental studies

3) Environmental worldview 4) Ecotourism

№ 55. ____ refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and how human beings can manage their behaviour and ecosystem in order to live sustainably.

1) Environmental education 2) Environmental studies

3) Environmental worldview 4) Ecotourism

№ 56. ____ describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time, long-lived and healthy.

1) Carrying capacity 2) Natural environment

3) Sustainable yield 4) Environmental sustainability

№ 57. ____ is the management of interaction by the modern human societies with and impact upon the environment.

1) Sustainable society 2) Environmental worldview

3) Environmental management 4) Biophysical environment

№ 58. ____ is a practice of protecting the environment on individual, organizational or governmental level for the benefit of the natural environment.

1)Environmental protection2)Environmental management

3) Environmental worldview 4) Environmental education

№ 59. ____ tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a country’s or region’s culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those peoples, their art and architecture.

1) Adventure 2) Alternative 3) Cultural 4) Sustainable

№ 60. _____ tourism gains much of its excitement by allowing its participants to step outside of their comfort zone.

1) Alternative 2) Nature-based 3) Adventure 4) Sustainable

№ 61. _____ tourism is a type of tourism involving exploration or travel to remote, exotic and possibly hostile areas.

1) Adventure 2) Nature 3) Cultural 4) Sustainable

№ 62. _______ is a small lodging establishment that offers overnight accommodation and breakfast.

1) Confirmed reservation 2) Booking form

3) Bed and breakfast 4) Capacity management

№ 63. ______ are private homes with fewer than 10 bedrooms available for commercial use.

1) Confirmed reservation 2) Booking form

3) Bed and breakfast 4) Capacity management

№ 64. ______ is the practice of people traveling for purposes related to their work.

1) Domestic tourism 2) Business travel

3) Alternative tourism 4) Sustainable tourism

№ 65. _______ is often an adjunct to a longer journey or visit to a place.

1) A business trip 2) An excursion 3) A picnic 4) A voyage

№ 66. _____ tourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people.

1) Alternative 2) Adventure 3) Nature 4) Cultural

№ 67. ______ tourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.

1) Alternative 2) Adventure 3) Nature 4) Cultural

№ 68. City, airport or area from which a flight or tour departs are called_____.

1) departure tax 2) commission 3) charter 4) gateway

№ 69. _____ is defined as responsible travel to nature areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people.

1) Escorted tout 2) Domestic tourism 3) Special interest tour 4) Ecotourism

№ 70. ______ results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes places.

1) Cultural tourism 2) Sustainable society

3) Sustainable development 4) Sustainable tourism

№ 71. Peak season means the same as ______.

1) force majeure 2) high season 3) full house 4) low season

№ 72. Most ____ tours provide an expert leader and visit places related to that interest.

1) FAM 2) escorted 3) group 4) special interest

№ 73. ___climate is characterized by small daily and yearly temperature changes and high relative humidity.

1) Maritime 2) Mediterranean 3) Continental 4) Oceanic

№ 74. The number of people that an area can support given the quality of the natural environment and the level of technology of the population is called _____.

1) population density 2) carrying capacity

3) accommodation capacity 4) population dispersion

№ 75. ____ is the study of the distribution of organisms, past and present and of diverse processes that underlie their distribution patterns.

1) Biodiversity 2) Biogeography 3) Evolutionary ecology 4) Biochemistry

№ 76. The number of individuals of a species living per unit of an area is called ___.

1) population pyramid 2) population density

3) population 4) population dispersion

№ 77. ____ are the species that first inhabit an environment which was previously unoccupied.

1) R-selected species 2) Keystone species

3) Primary producer 4) Pioneer species

№ 78. ____ comprise resources and processes that are supplied in a natural ecosystem that benefits organisms.

1) Restoration ecology 2) Conservation ecology

3) Ecosystem services 4) Soil ecology

№ 79. Dry woodland is a type of ___ that forms when rainfall is averaging around 40 to 100 centimeters and also has many tall trees.

1) biome 2) landscape 3) landform 4) biota

№ 80. Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant ____ on the planet.

1) kingdom 2) taxon 3) species 4) domain

№ 81. Tropical rain forests are called the “world’s largest pharmacy” because over a quarter of modern medicines originates from its ___.

1) vegetation 2) trees 3) bushes 4) plants

№ 81. The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing reduction in ___.

1) vegetation 2) animals 3) biodiversity 4) biosphere

№ 82. ___ is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period.

1) Biota 2) Biome 3) Biodiversity 4) Biotic potential

№ 83. ___ is the total complex of biotic communities occupying and characterizing a particular area or zone.

1) Biota 2) Biome 3) Biodiversity 4) Biotic potential

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