CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Paleoclimatology is the study and description of ancient climates. Since direct observation of climate are nor available before the 19^th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Using this evidence paleoclimatology determines the past state of the climate and demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.

2. Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time. It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the Earth, external forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or, more recently, human activities. In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term “climate change” only refers to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming.

3. Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages. These consisting of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by interglacial periods. The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface albedo, reflecting more of the Sun’s energy unto space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature. Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial. Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth’s orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

4. Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The instruments used to study weather conditions must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The earth has seen five ice ages.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Climate change is caused by man’s activities.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Climate change is connected with the state of atmosphere.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates over a great period of the Earth’s history.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

How can climate of the future be predicted?

1) The results of paleoclimatologic research may give a future climate pattern.

2) Climate models are very useful in projecting future climate.

3) Careful studies of the solar output and sunlight intensity help to predict climate.

4) The study of changes between ice ages and interglacial periods gives information about future climate.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Human activities can lead to great changes in climate.

2) Climate change is affected both by internal and external forces.

3) Climate change is a typical feature of earth’s atmosphere.

4) Paleoclimatology plays an important role in explaining climate changes.

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