INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

1. Industrial ecology is the shifting of the industrial process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes. Much of the research focuses on the following areas: – material and energy flow studies; – dematerialization and decarbonization; – technological change and the environment; – life-cycle planning, design and assessment; – extended producer responsibility; – product-oriented environmental policy; – eco-efficiency, etc.

2. Industrial ecology proposes not to see industrial systems (for example a factory, an eco-region, on national or global economy) as being separated from the biosphere, but to consider it is particular case of an ecosystem. It is the idea that if natural systems do not have waste in them, we should model our systems after natural ones if we want them to be sustainable.

3. Along with more general energy conversation and material conversation goals, and redefining commodity markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the 4 objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that highly values natural capital.

4. The scientific field Industrial Ecology has grown fast in recent years and its principles are emerging in various policy realms such as the concept of the Circular Economy that is being promoted in China. Although the definition of it has yet to be formalized, generally the focus is on strategies such as creating a circular flow of materials, and cascading energy flows. An example of this would be using waste heat from one process to run another process that requires a lower temperature. This maximizes the efficiency of energy use. The hope is that strategy such as this will create a more efficient economy with fewer pollutants and other unwanted by products.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

A closed loop system is one where wastes become inputs for new processes.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) истинным

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Much research is done into the sphere of eco-efficiency.

1) истинным

2) в тексте нет информации

3) ложным

ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

The concept of the Circular Economy is promoted all over the world.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Disposal methods for waste products vary depending on the area and type of waste material.

1) в тексте нет информации

2) ложным

3) истинным

ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

One of the Eastern countries promotes the concept of a closed loop industrial system.

1) 4 2) 1

3) 2 4) 3

ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

Industrial Ecology considers industrial systems to be integral part of the biosphere.

1) 4 2) 3

3) 1 4) 2

ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Ответьте на вопрос:

Why should we model our systems after natural ones?

1) Because natural systems don’t have waste in them.

2) Because our systems are environmentally friendly.

3) Because our systems highly value natural capital.

4) Because natural systems are open-looped ones.

ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)

Определите основную идею текста

1) Industrial Ecology considers different spheres of industrial processes.

2) Industrial Ecology is a characteristic feature of Natural Capitalism.

3) Industrial Ecology is oriented at production policy.

4) The main aim of Industrial Ecology is to create an efficient economy with as few by-products as possible.

Поиск по сайту: