Room service: Food or beverages served in a guest’s room

Runoff: Surface water effluent (usually from precipitation but may be from human activities such as irrigation) that moves too quickly to be absorbed into the ground. It flows down contour gradients to enter stream and river systems, carrying with it anything light enough to be borne in the volume of water, which may be light after a small rain or tremendous in the wake of a storm, when even large boulders and trees get swept up in the runoff. When runoff travels over deforested or unplanted agricultural lands, it carries away large quantities of topsoil. Runoff from agricultural areas often carries heavy doses of biocides, fertilizers and other nutrients, which can lead to eutrophication when introduced into aquatic systems.

Salinization: Accumulation of salts in soil tat can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.

Sea ice: is largely formed from seawater that freezes. Because the oceans consist of saltwater, this occurs below the freezing point of pure water, at about -1.8 °C (28.8 °F). Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Icebergs are compacted snow and hence are fresh water from the beginning; sea ice loses its salt during its process of formation from sea water and thus eventually is fresh as well.

Seasonality: A phenomenon created by either tourism supply or demands (or both) changing according to the time of the year.

Sediment: Naturally-occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion and is subsequently transported by the action of fluids such as wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particle itself. Sediments are most often transported by water (fluvial processes) transported by wind (aeolian processes) and glaciers.

Service charge: 1. A specific percentage of a hotel’s daily rate (usually 10% or 15%) charged to the guest, who in return is relieved of the responsibility for tipping; 2. A fee charged to a client by a travel agent in addition to the commissions paid to him or her by the principals.

Shield: A broad area of very old rocks above sea level that is usually characterized by thin, poor soils and low population densities.

Shore excursion: A land tour, usually available at ports of call and sold by cruise lines or tour operators to cruise passengers.

Soil: A natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. It is composed of particles of broken rock that has been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion.

Soil erosion: The loss of topsoil through silt-laden runoff, strong winds or other forces that transport soil away from its natural location.

Special interest tour: A tour designed to appeal to clients with a curiosity or concern about a specific subject. Most special interest tours provide an expert tour leader and usually visit places and/or events only relevant to that interest.

Specialist species: Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type or habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic or other environmental conditions, or they may use only one or a few types of food.

Speciation: Formation of two species from one species as a result of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions; usually takes thousands or tens of thousands of years.

Species: The boundaries of this taxonomic level (the most precise in the hierarchical system of binominal nomenclature) are hotly debated among scientists and there is little real consensus about where to draw the lines between species, subspecies, morphs, races, variants, etc. In general, a species is a group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, general behaviour, ecological niche, chemical makeup and processes, and general structure. Organisms that reproduce sexually are classified as members of the same species only if they can actually or potentially interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring. It should be noted that some (though quite few) taxonomists believe the species level of classification is frequently invalid and these scientists only recognize classifications down to the level of genus (again, these taxonomists represent a very small minority view).

Specimen: A portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study.. A laboratory specimen is an individual animal, part of an animal, plant, part of a plant, or microorganism used as a representative to study the properties of the whole population of that species or subspecies. When a taxon is described, it is typically based on a single specimen, then referred to as the holotype.

Steppe: A dry grassland with an annual temperature range in the summer of up to 10^o C (104^o F) and during the winter down to – 40^o C (− 40.0^o F).

Subduction: The process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking into the Earth's mantle, as the plates converge. Rates of subduction are typically measured in centimeters per year, with the average rate of convergence being approximately 2 to 8 centimeters per year (about the rate a fingernail grows)

Subduction zone: An area on Earth where two tectonic plates move towards one another and subduction occurs. Subduction zones involve an oceanic plate sliding beneath either a continental plate or another oceanic plate (that is, the subducted plate is always oceanic while the subducting plate may or may not be oceanic). Subduction zones are often noted for their high rates of volcanism, earthquakes, and mountain building. This is because subduction processes result in melt of the mantle that produces a volcanic arc as relatively lighter rock is forcibly submerged.

Sustainable agriculture: Method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological control of pests, and minimal use of non-renewable fossil-fuel energy.

Sustainable development: Forms of economic development and activities that do not deplete or degrade the natural resources upon which present and future economic growth and life depend.

Sustainable society: A society that manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm by overloading the planet’s ability to absorb environmental insults, replenish its resources, and sustain human and other forms of life over a specific period – usually hundreds to thousands of years. During this period it satisfies the needs of its people without depleting earth capital and thereby jeopardizing the prospects of current and future generations of humans and other species.

Sustainable tourism: According to the World Tourism Organisation, this is “envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled with maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.” Tourism that can be sustained over the ling term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. Tourism that is economically, socioculturally and environmentally sustainable. With sustainable tourism, sociocultural and environmental impacts are neither permanent nor irreversible.

Sustainable yield (sustained yield): Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area.

Sustainability: Ability of a system to survive for some specific (finite) time

Sustainable system: 1. A system that survives and functions over some specific (finite) time; 2. a system that attains its full expected lifetime.

Symbiont: See symbiosus.

Symbiosis: Literally means “living together” in Latin. Any relationship or association between members of two or more species. The members of the relationship are symbionts. Obligate symbionts rely so heavily on the relationship that they cannot feed, reproduce or perform some other crucial life function in the absence of their symbiotic partner(s). There are three main categories of symbiosis: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism with some degree of blending at the edges of these definitions in many cases.

Symbiotic: Refers to a component or member of a system of symbiosis. “These organisms have a symbiotic relationship”.

Taxon (pl. taxa): A group of (one or more) organisms which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name or a rank, although neither is a requirement. Taxa are ranked groups of organisms which run from the general (domain) to the specific (species). A broad scheme of ranks in hierarchical order is: Domain – Kingdom − Phylum − Class − Order − Family − Genus − Species

Taxonomy: The classification of living organisms according to the hierarchy of relationships.

Terrain, or land relief: The third or vertical dimension of land surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.

Threatened species: Wild species that is still abundant in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of a decline in numbers.

Tissue: A cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism.

Total fertility rate (TFR): Estimate of the average number of children that will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. In simpler terms, it is am estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Tour: Any pre-arranged journey to one or more destinations.

Tourism: 1.The all-embracing term for the movement of people to destinations away from their place of residence for any reason other than following an occupation, remunerated from within the country visited, for a period of 24hous or more; 2. The business of providing and marketing services and facilities for leisure travelers. Thus, the concept of tourism is of direct concern to governments, carriers, and the lodging, restaurant, and entertainment industries, and of indirect concern to virtually every industry and business in the world. The definition of tourism used in the national tourism indicators (NTI) is that adopted by the World Tourism Organization and the United Nations Statistical Commission: ”the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more that one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.”

Tourist: One who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a place other than that in which he or she usually resides, whose purpose could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religion), business, family, mission or meeting.

Tourist attractions: Destinations for visitors’ excursions which are routinely accessible to visitors during opening hours. Visitors can include local residents, day-trippers or people who are travelling for business or leisure purposes. Formal definitions exclude shops, sports stadia, theatres and cinemas, as these meet a wider purpose, although in practice tourists may consider the excluded categories to be tourist attractions.

Tourism infrastructure: Roads, railway lines, harbours, airport runways, water, electricity, other power supplies, sewerage, disposal systems and other utilities to serve not only the local residents but also the tourist influx (suitable accommodation, restaurants and passenger transport terminals form the superstructure of the region).

Tourist route: A route developed to attract tourists to an area to view or experience something unique to that area (e.g. wine route, whale route, heritage route, battlefiekd route).

Tour operator: A person or company which creates and/or markets inclusive tours and subcontracts with suppliers to create a package. Most tour operators sell through travel agents and/or directly to clients.

Transmissible disease: A disease that is caused by living organisms (such as bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms) and that can spread from one person to another by air, water, food, body fluids (or in some cases by insects or other organisms).

Tropical savanna: A grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with average temperatures remain at or above 18^o C (64^o F) year round and rainfall between 750 millimetres (30 in) and 1,207 millimetres (50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia and Australia.

Urban heat island: Buildup of heat in the atmosphere above an urban area. This is produced by the large concentration of cars, buildings, factories and other heat-producing activities.

Virus: A small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.

Visa: Stamp of approval recorded in a passport to enter a country for a specific purpose.

Vitamin: An organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. In other words, an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.

Weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmosphere at a given time. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over lnger periods of time.

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.

Wilderness is generally defined as areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity

Zero population growth (ZPG): State in which the birth rate (plus immigration) equals the death rate (plus emigration) so that the population of a geographical area is no longer increasing.

Zoonosis: A disease of animals, such as rabies or psittacosis, that can be transmitted to humans.

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