V. Supplement. 1. Read and translate the text

Text 1

1. Read and translate the text.

2. Write out the key sentences of the text. Be ready to speak about the clinical manifestations of pneumonia.

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, vi­ruses, or fungi¹. Prior to the discovery of anti­biotics, one-third of all people who developed pneumonia subsequently died from the infec­tion. Currently², over 3 million people develop pneumonia each year in the United States. Over a half a million of these people are admitted to a hospital for treatment. Although most of these people recover, approximately 5 % will die from pneumonia. Pneumonia is the sixth lead­ing cause of death in the United States.

Some cases of pneumonia are contracted by breathing in small droplets³ that contain the organisms that can cause pneumonia. These droplets get into the air when a person infected with these germs coughs or sneezes. In other cases, pneumonia is caused when bacteria or viruses that are normally present in the mouth, throat, or nose inadvertently⁴ enter the lung. During sleep, it is quite common for people to aspirate secretions from the mouth, throat, or nose. Normally, the body's reflex response (coughing back up the secretions) and immune system will prevent the aspirated organisms from causing pneumonia. However, if a person is in a weakened condition from another illness, a severe pneumonia can develop. People with recent viral infections, lung disease, heart disease, and swallowing problems, as well as alcoholics, drug users, and those who have suffered a stroke or seizure are at higher risk for developing pneumo­nia than the general population.

Once organisms enter the lungs, they usually settle in the air sacs of the lung where they rapidly grow in number. This area of the lung then becomes filled with fluid and pus⁵ as the body attempts to fight off the infection.

Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold which are then followed by a high fever, shaking chills, and a cough with spu­tum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody. Peo­ple with pneumonia may become short of breath. The only pain fibers in the lung are on the surface of the lung, in the area known as the pleura. Chest pain may develop if the outer pleural aspects of the lung are involved. This pain is usually sharp and worsens when taking a deep breath, known as pleuritic pain.

In other cases of pneumonia, there can be a slow onset of symptoms. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms. In some people with pneumonia, coughing is not a major symptom because the infection is located in areas of the lung away from the larger airways.

Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever, appear quite ill, and can become lethargic⁶. Elderly people may also have few symptoms with pneumonia.

Pneumonia may be suspected when the doctor examines the patient and hears coarse breathing or crackling sounds when listening to a portion of the chest with a stethoscope. There may be wheezing, or the sounds of breathing may be faint in a particular area of the chest. A chest X-ray is usually ordered to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. The lungs have several segments re­ferred to as lobes, usually two on the left and three on the right. When the pneumonia affects one of these lobes it is often referred to as lobar pneumonia⁷. Some pneumonias have a more patchy distribution that does not involve spe­cific lobes. In the past, when both lungs were involved in the infection, the term "double pneumonia" was used. This term is rarely used today.

Notes:

¹fungus (pi. fungi) — грибок

²currently — нині

³droplet — крапелька

⁴inadvertently — випадково

⁵pus — гній

⁶lethargic — млявий, апатичний

⁷lobar pneumonia — крупозна пневмонія

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