Історія медицини

І. Learn the following words.

ancient - стародавній, давній;

healer – цілитель;

prayer – молитва;

spell - заклинання; чари;

prescribe - приписувати (ліки);

suggest – пропонувати;

malpractice - професійна некомпетентність; злочинна недбалість лікаря;

fracture – перелом;

tumour – пухлина;

acupuncture - акупунктура, голкотерапія;

painkiller - знеболюючий засіб;

maintain – підтримувати;

evil - злий,лихий;

cramp - судома, корчі; спазм;

technique - методика, техніка;

trephining - видалення частини кістки, трепанація;

caesarean - кесарів розтин;

confidentiality - секретність, конфіденційність.

1. Match the following Ukrainian word combinations with the English ones.

2. Read the following sentences, find sentences in the Present Perfect Tense and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Human anatomy is very important for the medical profession.

2. Medical science has achieved great progress since Middle Ages.

3. Ancient people thought that diseases were supernatural in origin.

4. The scientists have greatly improved many surgical procedures but some procedures discovered in prehistoric times are still in use today.

5. Acupuncture involves inserting needles into selective sites on the surface of the body.

History of Medicine: Part 1

Medical care is one of the oldest professions in the history of man­kind. In ancient times people believed that diseases were caused by the evil spirits or due to the anger of the gods. So the earliest "cures" were prayers and use of magic.

In ancient civilization medical advice came not only from healers, but from the folk wisdom of many generations. Folk medicine pre­scribed a dirty sock around the neck if you wanted to cure the com­mon cold or a pair of shoes placed upside down under the bed to re­lieve leg cramps. Tobacco juice was supposed to heal an earache and black pepper to cure asthma. Folklore was also full of warnings. Amu­lets were trusted medical devices.

However it is surprising that many medical ideas, techniques and medications which are still used today originated in civilizations hun­dreds and thousands of years old.

Some medical discoveries of curative value were made by prehis­toric and ancient people. As far back as 10,000 years ago, prehistoric healers performed trephining, in which a hole was cut in the patient's skull to relieve pressure on the brain.

Fragments of pre-Christian Egyptian writing describe a routine scheme from the patient's symptoms to physical examination and then to suggested therapy and prognosis. The Babylonian Code of Ham­murabi, dated 2040 B.C., contains statements about the proper con­duct of physicians and prescribes punishments for malpractice. In In­dia, early medical people discovered the relationship between malaria and mosquitoes, the discovery of more than 700 medicinal plants and the invention of more than 100 surgical instruments was done in an­cient times.

In the fifth century A.D., great Indian physician Susruta was treat­ing fractures, removing tumors, and delivering babies by Caesarian section.

In China, acupuncture has been a part of Chinese medicine since ancient times. Originally it was used to treat diseases; nowadays acupunc-ture's effectiveness in controlling chronic pain has become more widely used. Scientists believe that the needles may stimulate the brain to pro­duce morphine like painkillers called endorphins and enkephalins.

Hippocrates, the ancient physician commonly considered the fa­ther of medicine, was born in Greece in 460 B.C. He supposed that disease had only natural causes. Though its authorship is unknown, the famous Hippocratic Oath is named for him. His medical observa­tions became well-known in the Western world and physicians are still required to take the Hippocratic Oath and they promise to maintain the utmost respect for human life and to respect the confidentiality of the doctor-patient relationship. Hippocrates was the first to separate art and science of medicine from the practice of religion.

In the second century A.D., Greek physician Galen insisted that the study of anatomy is a basis for medical facts.

ІІ. Language Development

1. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

2. Form a noun from each verb below. Use a dictionary for help.

3. Match the words that mean the same. Use a dictionary if necessary.