VI. Additional texts

DISEASE

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality.

Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease.

Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease.

HOW YOUR BODY DEFENDS AGAINST DISEASE AGENTS

Disease agents are always around you. Most of time you do not become ill. This is because your body defends against disease agents. Here are some ways.

Your skin helps keep many agents out of your body.

When a cut bleeds, agents are washed away from the cut.

If it is windy, dust that contains agents may get into your eyes. You blink to keep the dust out. Tears also help wash dust out of your eyes.

You may breathe dust that contains agents. Tiny hairs inside your nose stop the dust from getting further into your body. The dust may cause you to sneeze.

Juices like saliva and stomach juice kill agents when they enter your body.

If agents enter your body, white blood cells surround and destroy them.

NUTRITION GUIDELINES

Eat a balanced diet. The key to good nutrition is a varied diet llml includes every kind of nutrient. To simplify the planning of a varied diet, nutritionists have devised systems that group foods according in nutrient content. One such system divides foods into five groups: (11 vegetables, (2) fruit, (3) bread, cereals, rice and pasta, (4) milk, y«>y hurt and cheese, (5) meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, enji» and nuts.

Additional guidelines, called Recommended Dietary Allowamc. (RDAs), are provided in the United States by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. In other countries, simi lar groups provide national nutrition guidelines. The RDAs give healili experts estimates of the amounts of essential nutrients needed daily in maintain good nutrition in healthy people. This article includes a tahlt of RDAs.

The RDA for a particular nutrient may vary depending on person'«sex and age.

The RDA for iron, for example, is 12 milligrams for males age 11 to 18 and 15 milligrams for females age 11 to 50. The RDA for cal cium ranges from 400 milligrams for infants under the age of 6 month to 1.200 milligrams for males and females age 11 to 24 and for pro# nant women.

People also vary in their needs for energy. A person who plavx sports daily, for example, needs more calories than someone who docs little physical work. Children need more calories than their size would indicate because they are growing. Pregnant women also need exlut calories to provide enough nutrients for a healthy baby.

Include fibre. Dietary fibre consists of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed by the body. It passes out <>l the body as waste. Fibre moves food along through the stomach and intestines, thus helping to prevent constipation. Many experts believe l hat it also helps reduce the risk of such rectal and intestinal disorders as haemorrhoids, diverticulitis, cancers of the colon and rectum. Good sources of fibre include wholegrain breads and cereals, beans and peas, vegetables, and fruit.

Limit your intake of saturated fats and cholesterol. Health experts recommend a diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol, a waxy substance found in many animal foods. A high level of blood choles­terol increases the risk of heart disease. Animal products are the source of most saturated fats and all dietary cholesterol. To reduce the intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, health experts suggest choosing lean meats, fish, low-fat dairy products. They also advise using fats and oils sparingly.

Limit your intake of sodium and sugar. A diet that includes a great deal of sodium may increase the risk of high blood pressure. Sodium is found in many foods, including canned vegetables, pick­les, processed cheeses, table salt, and such snack foods as pretzels, potato chips, and nuts. One way to reduce sodium intake is to use herbs and other seasoning instead of salt in cooking and at the table. Another way is to select fresh foods rather than canned or frozen foods.

Foods that contain a lot of sugar are often high in calories and fat but low in minerals, proteins, and vitamins. Nutritionists sometimes call them “empty calorie” foods, because they may make a person feel full but provide few nutrients. In addition, sugar that remains in and around the teeth contributes to tooth decay. Foods that have a large amount of sugar include candies, pastries, many breakfast cereals, and sweetened canned fruits. In place of sugary foods, nutritionists advise people to snack on such foods as fresh fruits and vegetables. They also recommended that people drink unsweetened fruit and vegetable juice instead of soft drinks.

Beware of alcohol. Alcoholic beverages supply calories, but they provide almost no nutrients. In addition, alcohol is a powerful drug, and habitual drinking can lead to many health problems. Health ex­perts recommend that if people choose to drink alcoholic beverages, they consume only small amounts. They suggest that certain people avoid alcohol altogether: children and adolescents, pregnant women, people who are about to drive, anyone who is taking medicine, and those who are unable to limit their drinking.

MEDICAL HYGIENE

Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine, and medical care, that prevents or minimizes disease and the spreading of disease.

Medical hygiene practices include:

• Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection.

• Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures.

• Use of protective clothing and barriers, such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves.

• Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries.

• Safe disposal of medical waste.

• Disinfection of reusables (i.e. linen, pads, uniforms)

• Scrubbing up, hand-washing, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted.

Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of medical waste) were tightened up as a result of late-20th century disease outbreaks, notably AIDS and Ebola.

Розділ 2. Професійно-орієнтовний етап.

V тема: Вступ до спеціальності. Навчальний заклад.
V тема: Вступ до спеціальності. Навчальний заклад.

16. My Future Profession

Моя майбутня професія

I. Active Vocabulary.

pharmacist - аптекар, фармацевт;

pharmaceutist - фармацевт, провізор;

to be responsible (for) - нести відповідальність;

protection – захист;

health - здоров'я;

to require - мати потребу, потребувати;

composition – склад;

to prepare - готувати, приготовляти;

preparation - готування, приготовляти;

to master – удосконалювати;

human - людський;

origin – походження;

range – ряд;

to test – контролювати;

quality – якість;

qualitative – якісний;

technology of drugs - технологія ліків;

organization and economy - організація та економіка;

of pharmacy – фармації;

preventive – профілактичний;

curative (medicine) - лікувальна (медицина);

dosage – дозування;

formulation - технологія приготування ліків;

activity – активність;

to compound – виготувати;

to dispense – фасувати;

prescription – рецепт;

prescription department - рецептурний відділ;

chemist department - відділ готових лік, форм;

dispensing pharmacist – рецептар;

manager - завідуючий аптекою;

legal expert - судово-медичний експерт;

powder – порошок;

pill – пілюля;

mixture – мікстура, суміш;

ointment – мазь;

tincture – настоянка;

decoction – відвар;

drops - краплі;

things for medical care - речі медичного догляду;

cups – банки;

hot-water bottle – грілка;

bandage - бинт;

cotton – вата.

IV. Запитання до тексту

1. What do we need to be good specialists? 2. Why can't we be bad pharmacists? 3. What is a chemist's shop? 4. What departments and rooms does an average chemist's have? 5. What drugs can you buy at the prescription department? 6. What do you know about the chemist department? 7. What things for medical care can you name? 8. Where are drugs kept in the chemist's shop? 9. Where can one work with a pharmacy diploma? 10. Where would you like to work in future? Why there?

V. Заповніть пропуски словами з активного словника:

1. Pharmacology is a theoretical basis of... medicine. 2. Students... the methods of chemical analysis. 3. We test the... of drugs in pharmaceutical chemistry. 4. Chemistry is the science about... 5. Methods of... are studied by analytical chemistry.

VI. Дайте визначення науковим дисциплінам за зразком:

Model: Pharmacology.

— Pharmacology is the science about drugs.

1. Chemistry. 2. Biology. 3. Pharmacognosy. 4. Physiology.

VII. Напишіть по три речення про те, що ви нещодавно змогли зробити, та про те, що не змогли. Почніть із таких слів:

I was able to... I wasn't able to... I couldn't... 1 managed to... I didn't manage to...

VIII. Прочитайте фрази, запам'ятайте їх:

Would you mind...? No, of course not

Could you...? Yes, of course

I'd like you to... Certainly / All right

Would you mind if I …? Not at all

Do you mind if I...? No, of course not

May I...? Yes, of course

Is it all right if I...? Go right ahead

Could I...? Sure

IX. Що б ви сказали у подібній ситуації? Використайте фрази, подані вище.

1.The door is locked. 2. You need a dictionary. 3. You can't do your homework. 4. You are hungry. 5. You want to make a phone call. 6. You feel unwell.

X. Напишіть запитання, вживаючи ввічливе прохання:

Example: May | use | telephone?

— May I use your telephone?

1. Can |use| dictionary? 2. mind |I| close the window? 3. can |look at| newspaper? 4. alright if| sit here? 5. mind |I turn off | television?

XI. Попросіть дозволу, звертаючи увагу на офіційне та неофіційне прохання:

Example:

You are in a friend's house. You want to use the phone.

Can I use the phone? — Yes, do.

You are at your boss's house. You want to use the bathroom.

May luse the bathroom? — Yes, of course.

A. 1. You are at your parents' house. You want to watch television. 2. You are on a train.
You want to borrow a newspaper from another passenger. 3. You are at a friend's house.
You want to make a cup of tea. 4. You are in a crowded cafe. There is only one seat next
to an old lady. You want to sit down. 5. You are at a friend's house. You want to play
some records.

B. Що б ви відповіли на такі запитання:

Do people in your country ask permission to smoke, use the phone, or help themselves to something to drink in a friend's house? What other things do people ask permission to do?

XII. Забороніть ці дії. Будьте ввічливими!

Example:

l. May I come and see you this evening?

Well, actually, (I've got guests for supper)

2.Can I smoke here?

Sony, but (I feel sick when people smoke)

З.Сап I telephone you at work? 4. May I open the window? 5. Can I borrow your car? 6. May I play your new ABBA record?

ХІП. Які з поданих фраз будуть ввічливим проханням, якщо їх використати замість X?

1. The room's so cold. X the door?

a) Would you mind closing

b) Do you ever close

c) Could you please close

d) Would you be so kind as to close

e) Are you close to

f) Why doesn't someone close

g) Is there someone at

h) Have you seen it?

i) It cost me a lot of money.

j) Could you possibly lend me $10?

k) Would you kindly lend me $10?

l) May I borrow $10 from you?

m)You haven't got $10 to spare, have you?

h) Lend me $10, will you?

i) I shan't be able to do my shopping without it.

XIV. Прочитайте діалоги. Розіграйте їх.

A. AT THE PRESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT

(С — customer; P — pharmacist)

C: Excuse me, сап I get this prescription made up?

P: Certainly. We have all ingredients for this solution.

C: Is this medicine for external or internal use?

P: This is for intramuscular or intravenous injections.

C: When will it be ready?

P: Come back this time tomorrow.

C: And I'd like you to give me something for headache.

P: Please, ask in the chemist department.

B. AT THE CHEMIST DEPARTMENT

C: May I have something for headache and high blood pressure?

P: We have Citramonum for headache and Adelphane for hypertension. But you'd better not take

Adelphane without doctor's advice.

C: Are there any contraindications for it?

P: The preparation is contraindicated in ulcerative diseases of the stomach. Side effects are also possible.

C: Don't you have an analogue?

P: Reserpinum, but it is less effective.

C: Well, and could you tell me how I should take this medicine?

P: Three times a day before meals.

C: Thank you very much for the information.

XV. Складіть свої власні діалоги, використовуючи слова:

cardiac medicine, tranquilizer, analgetic, laxative,, diuretic, sedative, depressant, antiinflammatory, hypnotic.

XVI. Прочитайте та перекажіть уривки англійською мовою:

CHEMISTRY IS ONE OF THE MAIN SUBJECTS FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS

It is the science about physical and chemical properties of substances, their composition and transformations. It has traditionally been divided into several categories for study.

Studying general and inorganic chemistry students get acquainted with such subjects as biochemistry, physical chemistry, physiology, pharmacology as well.

The importance of organic chemistry in the study of pharmacy as a whole is like the importance of mathematics for engineers, because about 3/4 medicinal preparations studied by pharmaceutical chemistry are organic substances.

While studying analytical chemistry students master the classical and modern methods of chemical analysis which are used further in the examination of drugs.

Biological sciences give the future specialists the idea of human anatomy, drug biosynthesis of microbic origin.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is one of the important in the range of special subjects, it leads in testing of drug quality. It is the basis of such sciences as toxicological chemistry, technology of drugs, organization and economy of pharmacy.

The rational use of drugs is studied by pharmacology. It is a theoretical basis of preventive and curative medicine. The students study how to test the mechanism of drug action.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the main subject studied by pharmaceutical students? 2. What does chemistry study? 3. What kinds of chemistry do you know? 4. What special subjects do pharmacy students study? 5. What do you think the most important subjects for your future profession are?

PHARMACEUTICAL TRAINING IN GREAT BRITAIN

Pharmacists are trained at the university colleges. They have professional competence in advising medical practitioners on dosage and other names for pharmaceutical preparations. They determine the effect of different formulations on therapeutic activity.

Students who are at their first year study experimental physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics. Three-quarters of the second and third year are cetred at the college of Pharmacy and one quarter — at the department of Pharmacology, University College. In the second and third year they study pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognozy and microbiology.

Pharmacists receive university education which enables them to compound prescriptions and gives them scientific knowledge to understand the properties of the material and their pharmacological effects.

QUESTIONS

1. Where are pharmacists trained in Great Britain? 2. What do the first-year students study? 3. Where are three-quarters of the second and third year of studies centred? 4. What subjects are studied in the second' and third years? 5. What does university education J enable pharmacists?

XVII. Що б ви сказали у подібній ситуації?

1.Ви зустрічаєтесь із своїм шкільним другом. Розкажіть йому про свою майбутню спеціальність.

2.Уявіть собі, що ви приїхали навчатись у британський фармацевтичний коледж. Які запитання ви поставите перед своїми майбутніми однокурсниками стосовно навчального процесу в їхньому навчальному закладі?

3.Уявіть собі, що ви репортер, який бере інтерв'ю у ректора УкрФА, щодо спеціальностей, яким навчають у академії. Розіграйте це інтерв'ю із своїм партнером. Будьте дуже ввічливим.

4.Уявіть собі, що ви молодий спеціаліст, який прийшов на роботу в аптеку. Продумайте, що ви запитаєте у завідуючого аптекою та які запитання він може поставити перед вами. Розіграйте ситуацію, використовуючи такі фрази:

5.Уявіть собі, що ви репортер, який бере інтерв'ю у ректора УкрФА, щодо спеціальностей, яким навчають у академії. Розіграйте це інтерв'ю із своїм партнером. Будьте дуже ввічливим.

6.Уявіть собі, що ви молодий спеціаліст, який прийшов на роботу в аптеку. Продумайте, що ви запитаєте у завідуючого аптекою та які запитання він може поставити перед вами. Розіграйте ситуацію, використовуючи такі фрази:

Do I have to..?

Is it necessary to..?

Should I..?

Do I need to..?

It's a good idea to...

If you want you can... You're (not) allowed to...

XVIII. Перекладіть речення на англійську мову:

1. У відділі готових ліків ми можемо купити речі медичного догляду, наприклад, термометр, грілку, бинт, банки та інші. 2. Лікар може призначити ці ліки у формі внутрішньом'язових ін'єкцій або орально після їжі. 3. У великих дозах ліки можуть діяти як отрута. 4. В Англії лікарі повинні виписувати рецепти англійською мовою. 5. Вам слід зберігати цю мазь у темному та прохолодному місці. 6. Для того щоб стати добрим фахівцем, тобі треба оволодіти великою кількістю дисциплін.

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