Chemical name generic name brand name

alpha-amino- ampicilline Amcill capsules

benzyl P Omnipen

Penbritin Polycillin Principen/N

Standards. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite stan­dards for drugs set by an independent committee of physi­cians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufactures.This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Two important standards of the USP are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has USP after his name, it has met with standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the USP every 5 years but not all drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (NF) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters USP and NF after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to USP or NF standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufactures.

Drugs may be classified according to a) their morpholo­gy; b) the taxonomy of the plants and animals from which they are obtained; c) their therapeutic applications; d) their chemical constituents. Each of these methods of classification has advantages and disadvantages.

3. Запитання до тексту

l. What are drugs? 2. What are drugs obtained from? 3. What are the examples of drugs obtained from animals? 4. Give the examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. 5. What is the chemical name of a drug? 6. What is meant by the generic or official name of a drug? 7. What can you say about the brand or trade name of a drug? 8. How many different names can a drug have? 9. What organization has the legal responsibility for drugs? 10. What is the United States Pharmacopeia? 11. What are the two important standards of the USP? 12. When do we say that a drug has met with Pharmacopeia standards? 13. Can you describe the National Formulary? 14. What do the letters USP and NF after a drug indicate?

4. Доповніть речення інформацією з тексту A:

1. Drugs are chemical substances used.... 2. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as.... 3.Drugs can be made from chemical substances.... 4. Drugs contained in food substances are.... 5. The generic name is.... 6. Most drugs have several... because.... 7. It is common practice to.... 8. FDA has legal responsibility for.... 9. Brand names have.... 10. When a specific brand name is orderedon a prescription …. 11. A list of drugs is pub­lished.... 12. Two important standards of the USP are.... 13. It is up to the FDA to....

5. Дайте англійською мовою визначення таким по­няттям:

a) the generic (official) name; b) the brand (trade) name; c) the chemical name; d) the Food and Drug Administration; e) the United States Pharmacopeia; f) the National Formulary.

IV. Прочитайте текст В. Зверніть особливу увагу на: а) основні групи ліків; б) реакцію людей різних вікових груп на ліки; в) способи вживання ліків.

TEXT В

CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS

The drugs can be grouped according to the action they possess. The main groups are:

Antiseptic and disinfectants — They kill bacterias by poisoning them directly either inside or outside the body;

Expectorants — These are used for assisting in coughing up of mucus and sputum from lungs and bronchi;

Cough mixtures — These are used to suppress coughing by reducing the irritation of throat;

Laxative and purgative — They make the bowels move. Laxative is milder than a purgative which is given when the bowels have not moved for several days;

Analgesics — They are drugs that soothe or relieve pain;

Tonics — These are drugs which are taken to strengthen the body and to supplement deficiencies in the nutritional value of foods;

Application for skin and mucous membrane includes ointments, lotions and liniments. These are often poisonous and should not be taken orally or i. v., except by rubbing on or applying to the skin or mucous membrane.

The major characteristics of drugs are:

1. Therapeutic effect — This is the ability to act selecti­vely on an organ, on body tissues or on disease causing organism and to restore normal body function.

2. Side effects—In addition to its therapeutic effect drug may cause nausea, vomiting, etc.

3. Allergic reaction — If a person has an allergy he may show unexpected reaction when he is given the drug.

One should take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug cause it to be ineffective while an overdose may be fatal. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs and therefore require a smaller dose than others. In administrating drugs for small children many other factors have to be taken into consideration. Children are impressionable and their sense of fear and pain is so acute that it may obliterate the curative properties of a drug. So drugs for children should preferably be in liquid form, and taste good. For them special syrops and fruit and berry juices are used. The drugs that cannot be taken in liquid form are made to resemble sweets.

Other problems are involved in developing drugs for the aged, whose endocrine and other systems, kidneys and liver become less efficient. It takes longer for an aging organism to absorb and eliminate medicinal preparations. This is why it is important to combine these drugs with aminoacids, vita­mins, and microelements, in all of which an eldery person is deficient.

Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth), recta 1 ly (into the rectum), parenterally (by injection), and by inhalation through lungs. Occasionally, drugs such as nasal decongestants and antiasthma drugs are administered through the mem­branes of the mouth or nose (e. g. nitroglycerine, under the tongue).

2. Запитання до тексту

1. How can the drugs be grouped? 2. What is the action of antiseptics and disinfectants? 3. What is the difference be­tween laxatives and purgatives? 4. What are the applica­tions? 5. Can you describe the major characteristics of drugs? 6. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons? 7. In what ways are drugs most com­monly administered?

V. Прочитайте твердження і скажіть, чи всі вони відпо­відають змісту текстів А та В:

1. Analgetics are drugs that soothe or relieve pain. 2. One should never take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. 3. Drugs for children should preferably be in solid form

4. Two important stan­dards of the USP are that the drug must be clinically useful and available in pure form. 5. Most drugs have only one brand name. 6. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug.

VI. Знайдіть у текстах уроку факти, що підтверджують такі положення:

1. Drugs are chemical substances that can come from many different sources. 2. A drug can have three dif­ferent names. 3. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs. 4. Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways.

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