Read the text

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeleton and muscles function together as the musculoskeletal system. This system (often treated as two separate systems, the muscular, and skeletal) pro­vides form, stability, and movement to the human body. It is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other con­nective tissue (described as the tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs to­gether). The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for cal­cium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system

2. Read and translate the following text. Get ready to speak on the structure of the human skeleton using the pic­tures and anatomic terms.

THE HUMAN SKELETON

From our head to our toes, our bones provide support for our bodies and help to form our shape. The skull protects the brain and forms the shape of our face.

The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal col­umn.

The average human adult skeleton consists of 206 bones, attached to the muscles by ten­dons. Babies are bom with 270 soft bones — about 64 more than an adult. These will fuse together by the age of twenty or twenty-five into the 206 hard, permanent bones. Bone building continues throughout life, as a body constantly renews and reshapes the bones' living tissue.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the spine, the ribs and the sternum (breastbone) and includes 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton, consists of 126 bones, includes two limb girdles (the shoulders and pelvis)and their attached limb bones.

Axial skeleton (80 bones)

- skull — consisting of 1) the cranium (which encloses and protects the brain) and 2) the facial skeleton;

- jaw — the only freely movable bone of the skull;

- ribs, sternum (breastbone) — comprising the "thorax'Vchest, protecting the heart and lungs;

- vertebral column — the "spine".

The vertebral column transmits the body weight from the head, thorax, and abdomen to the lower extremities and encloses and protects the spinal cord. The vertebral column has three groups of vertebrae and two sets of fused bones. These vertebrae include seven cervical (neck) vertebrae, twelve thoracic (upper back) vertebrae, and five lumbar (lower back) vertebrae.

Five fused vertebrae form the sacrum and from three to five fused small vertebrae form the coccyx (tail bone). The vertebrae form a column of bone that protects the spinal cord. The thoracic vertebrae have facets (indentations) upon their surfaces that articulate (meet) with the ribs. The ribs form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and pelvis helps to protect the bladder, intestines, and in women, the reproductive organs. Al­though they're very light, bones are strong enough to support our entire weight.

Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, the lower limbs (126 bones, 64 in the shoulders and upper limbs and 62 in the pelvis and lower limbs):

- the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula;

- upper extremity (the humerus, ulna, radius, the hand);

- pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones; each hip bone forms from fused bones. The two coxae, sacrum, and coccyx form the pelvis, a bowl-shaped cavity that supports and protects many abdominal organs;

- lower extremity (the femur, the tibia, the fibula, the foot).

Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments. The joints allow the bones to move. Cartilage, a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other.

Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the protein collagen. Calcium is needed to make bones hard, which allows them to support body weight. Bones also store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when it's needed by other parts of the body. The amounts of certain vitamins and minerals that you eat, especially vitamin D and calcium, directly af­fects how much calcium is stored in the bones. The soft bone marrow inside many of the bones is where most of the blood cells are made.

III. Post-reading activities.

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the function of bones?

2. How many bones does the average human adult skeleton consist of?

3. Why does bone building continue throughout life?

4. What main parts has the skeleton?

5. What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

6. What bones does the appendicular skeleton include?

7. What is the function of the vertebral column?

8. How many vertebrae has the vertebral column? Name them.

9. What bones do form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver and spleen?

10.What organs does the pelvis help to protect?

11.How long does the process of ossification continue?

12.What minerals are bones made up of?

13.Why do our bones need calcium?

2. Fill in the blanks with the words given under the line.

1. Our bones provide... for our bodies.

2. The skull protects the....

3. Bones of the skeleton begin to develop before....

4.... is the only freely movable bone of the skull.

5. The vertebrae form a column of bone that protects....

6. The pectoral girdle consists of the... and scapula.

7. Most of the blood cells are made in the soft... inside many of the bones.

8. Bones are fastened to other bones by....

a) bone marrow; b) birth; d) clavicle; e) support;

e) the spinal cord; f) jaw; g) ligaments; h) brain

3. Group the words according to the skeleton parts.

Hand, pelvis, skull, the tibia, jaw, coccyx, ulna, femur, rib, humerus, the cra­nium, thoracic vertebrae, foot, scapula, breastbone.

4. Put proper numerals in the blanks.

a) There are... bones in the appendicular skeleton.

b) There are... vertebrae in the cervical part of the spine.

c) There are... bones in the pelvis and lower limbs.

d) There are... vertebrae in the lumbar part of the spine.

e) There are... bones in the shoulders and upper limbs.

f) There are... vertebrae in the thoracic part of the spine.

g) There are... bones in the axial skeleton.

h) There are... vertebrae in the sacral part of the spine.

5. Read and memorize the English idioms containing some topical words. Make your own sentences with the idioms.

BONE

• a bone of contention — a subject of disagreement or argument

• to make no bones about (saying/doing) smth — to say/do it openly and without hesitation or preference, although or may not be pleasant

ARM

• to keep smb at arm's length — to avoid becoming too friendly with him — триматися на достатній відстані

• to welcome smb/smth with open arms — to welcome him/it with enthusi­asm — прийняти кого-небудь з розкритими обіймами

CHEST

• to get smth off one's chest — to admit or tell smth to smb which was worrying one and which one did not want to talk about previously because it was unpleasant — полегшити душу; щиросердно зізнатися

BACK

• to break the back of smth (usually of a job or some kind of work) — to

finish the greater or most difficult part of the work

• to stab in the back — to act disloyally to a person, esp. when this comes as a shock to him — удар у спину; зрадницький удар

• to see the back of someone (informal) — to see him for the last time (with relief); to get rid of him because he causes annoyance etc. — позбавитися кого-небудь

• to have no backbone — to have no courage, to be easily disheartened — бути людиною без волі

• to go behind smb's back — to do or say smth expressly without his know­ledge

• to do smth behind smb's back — to do it without his knowledge or when he is not present

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