AND CLASS DISCUSSION

1. Translation and interpretation in ancient countries of the Near East.

2. The first European translations and appearance of two different ways/principles of translation.

3. Deliberate violations of the second (sense-to-sense) way/prin­ciple of translation by Horace and Apuleius and their conse­quences in the Middle Ages and later periods.

4. Translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in the Middle Ages England and Spain.

5. Factors favouring the revival of translation during the period of European Renaissance.

6. Ways and methods of translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in France and Germany in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

7. Translation in the periods of Classicism and Enlightenment (sev­enteenth - eighteenth centuries).

8. The epoch of Romanticism and protests against the unrestricted freedom of translation in England, Germany and France. J.Herder and the birth of the principles of faithful translation.

9. Translation of ecclesiastic and secular works in Ukraine - Rus' in the tenth - eleventh and twelfth -thirteenth centuries.

10. The revival of translation in Ukraine in the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries (translation of the Bible and other ecclesiastic works).

11. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy (1633-1801) and development of translation in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries Ukraine (I.Maksymovych, F.Prokopovych, D.Tuptalo, H.Skovoroda).

12. I.Kotlyarevskyi's free interpretation of Virgil's Aeneidand its in­fluence on the methods of translation of P.Hulak-Artemovskyi, Ye.Hrebinka, L.Borovykovskyi, P.Bilets'kyi-Nosenko in the first half of the nineteenth century.

13. M.Shashkevych, I. Vahylevych, Y.Holovats'kyi and the begin­ning of translation in Halychyna in the 1830's.

14. P.Kulish, O.Navrots'kyi, P.Nishchyns'kyi, S.Rudans'kyi, I.Franko, M.Staryts'kyi, Lesya Ukrainka, P.Hrabovs'kyi, B.Hrinchenko with his family as translators. Their contribution to Ukrainian belles-lettres during the Tsarist prohibitions of the Ukrainian language, literature and culture in the second half of

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the nineteenth century - the first decades of the twentieth cen­tury.

15. The level of artistic translation in Ukraine before and during the years of independence (1917-1921) and in the first decades of Soviet rule. O.Burhardt, M.Lysychenko, O.Baikar (Shtan'ko), M.Ryabova, H.Kasyanenko, M.lvanov, V.Samiylenko as belles-lettres translators.

16. The political persecutions of M.Zerovand his adherents/Neo-classicists together with other most promising translators in themid1920'sand1930's.

17. The most often employed methods of translation and the artis­tic level of translation of classical British, American, French, German and Italian prose/poetic works during the 1920's and 1930's.

18. The revival of Ukrainian translation after World War II in the mid and late 1940's (M.Ryl'skyi, M.Tereshchenko, M.Bazhan, M.Lukash, LPervomaiskyi).

19. The return of some prominent translators (V.Mysyk, H.Kochur, Borys Ten, D.Palamarchuk and others) from the Stalinist con­centration camps during mid 1950's-1960's and the public de­mand for raising the artistic level of Ukranian post-war belles-lettres translation (critical articles of O.Kundzich, M.Ryl'skyi and others).

20. The role of the renewed Vsesvit journal in fostering the post-war translators of poetic and prose works (M.Pinchevs'kyi, O.Terekh, V.Pasichna, V.Mytrofanov, H.Filipchuk, A.Perepadya, O.Mokrovol'skyi, Ye.Popovych, P.Sokolovs'kyi and others).

21. The historical circumstances and preconditions of birth and de­velopment of Ukrainian criticism of literary artistic translation in the 20^th century.

22. The main established principles of faithful translation and their realization in the practice of conveying the poetic and prose works by the outstanding translators (M.Zerov, M.Ryl'skyi, V.Pidmohyl'nyi, V.Mysyk, M.Lukash, Borys Ten, Ye.Popovych, Ye.Drobyazko, Yu.Lisnyak, D.Bobyr and others).

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