|
|||||||
ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ |
Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 1 ñòðàíèöàC01.f UO.IL02UU 1/ flpea.Mem u o6aeKm noauauu.R. C01fU0.11.02uu. flou.R.mue C01fUCL1tbtto20 2/ Co1fUOJl.02U.R. u apy2ue uayKU 06 061.LfeCmee 3/ CmpyKmy pa co1fuo.1w2uu 4/ <PyUK'lfUU C01fUOJl.02UU
1 flpeaMem u o6aeKm noauauu.R. co1fuo.1w2uu. flott.R.mue C01fUCL1tbU020 c TepMHHOM «eOl.l;HOJIOrH.H» Ka:lKblH H3 Hae BeTpeqaJie.H HeOOKpaTHO. B eoBpeMeHHOH mH3HH oHa, KaK roBopHTe.H, y Beex «Ha eJiyxy». TeJieBH eHHe, paHO, ra3eTbl eoo611.l;aIOT 0 pe3yJibTaTax eou;110Jior11qeeKHX on poeoB HaeeJieHH.H no eaMbIM pa3Hoo6pa3Hb M npo6JieMaM. Cou;110Jior11qe eK11e eJiym6bI napJiaMeHTa, Ilpe3HeHTa, pa3JIK'iHbIX 11eeJieoBaTeJib eKHX u;eHTpOB H3yqaroT 0611.l;eeTBeHHOe MHeHHe no BamHeHWHM eou;J.1: aJibHO-nOJIHTH'i eeKHM H 3KOHOMH'ieeKHM BOnpoeaM: peHTHHr HaH6oJiee BJIH.HTeJibHbIX JIHl.l; B roeyapeTBe, npo6JieMbIu;eHOBOH noJIHTHKH, yoB JieTBopeHHOeTb ypoBHeM mH3HH H T. Ha npenpH.HTH.HX, B per110Hax npOBO.HTe.H eBOH eneu;11cp11qeeKHe eou;HOJIOrK'ieeKHe HeeJieOBaHH.H, B KOTOpbIX onpeeJI.HeTe.H eoeTO.HHHe eou;HaJibHOH Hanp.HmeHHOeTH B KOJI JieKTHBax, yoBJieTBopeHHOeTb HaeeJieHH.H TpaHenopTHbIM 06eJiym11Ba HHeM, pa60TOH pa3JIH'iHbIX opraHH3an;HH, ecpepbl yeJiyr. B HHeTHTyTax eTyeHTbl oeyll.l;eeTBJI.HIOT ou;eHKY pa60Tbl npenoaBaTeJieH, 3anOJIH.H.H aHKeTy «IlpenoaBaTeJib rJia3aMH eTyeHTa». Bee 3TO BHeWHHH, Jiema- 11.l;HH Ha noBepxHOeTH ypoBeHb eou;HOJIOrHqeeKHX HeeJieoBaHHH, KOTO pbIH eo3aeT o6pa3 eou;HOJIOrHH KaK npHKJiaHOH 3MnHpH'ieeKOH HayKH, eJiymall.l;eH yOBJieTBOpeHHIO KaKHX-TO TeKyll.l;HX, eHIOMHHYTHb X no Tpe6HoeTeH 0611.l;eeTBa. Ho MOmHo JIH eKa3aTb, 'iTO 3THM 11eqepnbrnaeTe.H npeMeT H 3aaq11 eou;HOJIOrHH? l:lTo npeeTaBJI.HeT eo6o:i1 eou;HOJIOrH.H KaK HayKa? c 3THM KaK pa3 HaM H Heo6xoMO pa3o6paTbe.H. Ha'iHeM e 3THMOJIOrHH. TepMHH «eou;110Jior11.H» -npOH3BOHoe OT BYX eJIOB: JiaTHHeKoro eJIOBa societas -0611.l;eeTBO H rpeqeeKorologo -eJIOBO, noH.HTHe, yqeHHe. CJieoBaTeJibHO, 3THMOJior11qeeKH eou;110Jio r11.H -HayKa 06 0611.l;eeTBe. TaK ee H xapaKTep113yeT aMep11KaHeKHH eo u;110Jior /1,JIC. C.Me.n,aep B eBoeM yqe6HHKe «CO'lfUMOZU.R.». Ho 3TO OBOJibHO a6eTpaKTHOe onpeeJieHHe, noeKOJibKY 0611.l;eeTBO B ero pa3JIH'iHb X ae neKTax 113yqaeTe.H 3Ha'iHTeJibHblM KOJIH'ieeTBOM ryMaHHTqpHblX H eou;H aJibHbIX Heu;HnJIHH: eou;HaJibHOH cp11Jioeocp11e:i1, noJIHTH'ieeKOH 3KOHO MHeH, HeTOpHeH, eMorpacpHeH HT.-)lJI.H Toro, 'iT06bInoH.HTb oeo6eHHO- CTH COQHOJIOrHH, COQHOJIOrH'IeCKOro no,n;xo,n;a K H3y'IeHHIO o6rn;ecTBa, He o6xo,n;HMO Bbl'IJieHHTb co6cTBeHHYIO o6JiaCTb COQHOJIOrH'IeCKOro HCCJie ,ll;OBaHH.R, a TaIOKe onpe,n;eJIHTb Te MeTO,ll;bl, KOTOpblMH COQHOJIOrH.R one pwpyeT..IJ:JI.R aToro, npem,n;e Bcero, cJie,n;yeT npoBeCTH cTporoe pa3rpaHH 'IeHHe Mem,n;y o6beKTOM" npe,zi;MeTOM COQHOJIOrHH. B Ka'IeCTBe o6'beKTa TOH HJIH HHOH HayKH Bcer,n;a BbICTynaeT onpe,n;e JieHHa.R ccpepa o6'beKTHBHOro HJIHcy6'beKTHBHOro MHpa, BTO BpeM.R KaKnpe,n; MeT JII060H HayKH.RBJI.ReTC.R pe3yJibTaTOM TeopeT11'IeCKOro a6cTparHpOBa HH.R, n03BOJI.RIOrn;ero HCCJie,D;OBaTeJI.RM Bbl,ll;eJIHTb Te CTOpOHbl H3aKOHOMepHO CTH pa3BHTH.R H cpYffKQHOHHpOBaHH.R H3yqaeMoro o6'beKTa, KOTOpbre .RBJI.RIOTC.R cneQHcpH'IecKHMH,n;JI.R,n;aHHOH HayKH.TaKHM o6pa30M, o6'beKT TOH HJIH HHOH HayKH-3TO qacTb o6'beKTHBHOH Hcy6'beKTHBHOH peaJibHOCTH, 06- Jia,n;arorn;a.R COOCTBeHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH, KOTOpbre H3yqalOTC.R TOJibKO,D;aHHOH HayKOH, a npe,n;MeT HayKH-3TO pe3yJibTaT HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKHX,n;eHCTBHH. IIpHH.RTO C'IHTaTb, 'ITO o6'beKTOM coQHOJiorH'IecKoro no3HaHH.R.RB JI.ReTc.R BC.R COBOKynHOCTb CBOHCTB, CB.R3eH H OTHOIIIeHHH, KOTOpbre HOC.RT Ha3BaHHe cOQHaJibHbrx. "CJTo me TaKoe COQHaJibHoe? Cou;naJihnoe, c TO'IKH 3peHH.R pOCCHHCKoro COQHOJiora r.B. OcwnoBa, -3TO COBOKynHOCTb Tex UJIH UHblX CBOHCTB " oco6eHHOCTeu o6eCTBeHHblX OTDOIUeHuii,UHTe rpupoBaHHblX UH,D;UBU,D;aMU UJIU o6HOCTHMU B npou;ecce CODMeCTHOH ,zi;eHTeJibHOCTU D KOHKpeTHblX ycJIOBUHX, " npo.HBJimoeec.H B ux OTHO meHUU,zi;pyr K,zi;pyry, K CBOeMy IlOJIOmeHUIO B o6eCTBe, K HBJieHUHM " npou;eccaM o6ecTBeHHo:H mu3HU. CoQHaJibHoe.RBJieHHe HJIH npoQecc B03HHKaroT TOr,n;a, Kor,n;a noBe,n;eHHe,n;ame 0,ll;HOro HH,n;HBH,n;a OKa3bIBaeTC.R no,n; B03,D;eHCTBHeM,n;pyroro HH,ll;HBH,n;a HJIH HX rpynnbI (o6rn;HOCTH) -He- 3aBHCHMO OT Toro, npHCYTCTByeT JIH npH 3TOM,n;aHHblH HH,n;HBH,ll; HJIH o6rn; HOCTb. J1MeHHO B npoQecce B3aHMO,D;eHCTBH.R,n;pyr c,n;pyroM HH,ll;HBH,ll;bl OKa3bIBalOT B03,n;eiicTBHe,n;pyr Ha,n;pyra, cnoco6cTBYIOT TeM caMblM TOMy, 'ITO Kam,n;bIH H3 HHX CTaHOBHTC.R HOCHTeJieM H Bbipa3HTeJieM KaKHX-JIH60 COQHaJibHbIX Ka'IeCTB. TaKHM o6pa30M, COQHaJibHbie CB.R3H, COQHaJibHOe B3aHMO,D;eHCTBHe, COQHaJibHbie OTIIOIIIeHH.R H cnoco6 HX opraHH3aQHH.RB JI.RIOTC.R o6'beKTaMn cou;uoJioruqecKoro uccJie,zi;oeaHnH. IIpe,n;MeT me COQHOJiorHH, nocKOJibKY OH.RBJI.ReTc.R pe3yJibTaToM HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKHX,n;eHCTBHH, He MOmeT 6bITb onpe,n;eJieH CTOJib me o,n; H03Ha'IHO. loHHMaHHe npe,n;MeTa COQHOJIOrHH Ha npOT.RmeHHH BCeH HCTO pHH cyrn;ecTBOBaHH.R 3TOH HayKH MeH.RJIOCb. IIpe,n;cTaBHTeJIH pa3JIH'IHbIX IIIKOJI HHanpaBJieHHH BblCKa3bIBaJIH H BbICKa3bIBalOT pa3JIH'IHOe nOHHMa HHe npe,n;MeTa COQHOJIOrHH. J1 3TO ecTeCTBeHHO, TaK KaK npe,n;MeT HayKH HaXO,ll;HTC.R B TeCHOH CB.R3H c HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKOH,n;e.RTeJibHOCTblO yqeHbIX. OcHoBonoJiomHHK COQHOJiorww, cppaHQY3CKHH MbICJIHTeJib 0. KoHT C'IHTaJI, 'HTO COQHOJIOrH.R -3To no3HTHBHa.R HayKa 06 o6rn;ecTBe. Bbr,n;arorn;HHC.R cppaHQY3CKHH coQHOJior 8..IJ:ropKrei1:M Ha3bIBaJI npe,n;Me TOM COQHOJIOrHH cou;uaJihHh e cpaKTb. lpH 3TOM COQHaJibHOe, no.IJ:ropK rei1:My, 03Ha'IaeT KOJIJieKTHBHOe.Ilo3TOMy npe,n;MeTOM COQHOJIOrHH, no ero MHeHHIO,.RBJI.ReTC.R KOJIJieKTHBHOe BO Bcex ero npo.RBJieHHHX. C TO'IKH 3peHH.R HeMeQKoro cOQHOJiora M. Be6epa, coQHOJIOrH.R -3TO HayKa 0 COQHaJibHOM noBe,n;eHHH, KOTOpoe OHa CTpeMHTC.R noH.RTb H HCTOJIKOBaTb. Cou;ua.JihHOe noee,zi;eHue, no M. Be6epy, -3TO OTHOIIIe-
HHe qeJIOBeKa, HHa'fe roBOpH, BHyTpeHHe HJIH BHeurne npOHBJI.fleMa.fl no- 3HI.. H.fl, opHeHTHpOBaHHa.fl Ha IlOCTYilOK HJIH B03.n;epmaHHe OT Hero. 3TO OTHOIIIeHHe.fIBJI.fleTC.fl IlOBe.n;eHHeM, KOr.n;a cy6'beKT CB.fl3bIBaeT ero c on pe.n;eJieHHbIM CMbICJIOM. loBe.n;eHHe C'fHTaeTC.fl COHaJibHbIM, Kor.n;a no CMbICJiy, KOTOpbIH eMy npH.n;aeT cy6'beKT, OHO COOTHeceHO c IlOBe.n;eHHeM .n;pyrHX HH,!l;HBH,!l;OB. B MapKCH3Me npe.n;MeTOM COHOJIOrH'fecKoro HCCJie,ZJ;OBaHH.fl.fIBJI.fl eTC.fl HayqHoe HayqeHHe o6eCTBa KaK COHaJibHOH CHCTeMbI H COCTaBJI.fl IOHX ero CTpyKTYPHbIX 3JieMeHTOB -JIH'fHOCTei1,COHaJibHbIX o6HOC Tei1,COHaJibHbIX HHCTHTYTOB. lIIHpOKOe pacnpocTpaHeHHe B HaIIIei1OTe qecTBeHHOH JIHTepaType HMeeT CJie.n;yro ee onpe.n;eJieHHe COHOJIOrHH. CoqHoJiorHH -aTo uay1rn 06 o6m;ecTBe 1rnR coqHaJILHo:H CHCTeMe B qe JioM, cpyHRqHOHHpOBaHHH H pa3BHTHH 3TOH CHCTeMblqepe3 ee COCTaB Hb e aJieMeHTL1:JIHqnocTH,coqHaJibHble o6m;uocTH,HHCTHTYTL.B yqe6- HOM noco6HH «CO'lf UOJW ZU J!.» (M..: MbiCJl.b, 1990..-C.. 25) r.. B. Ocunoea, Ha IlHCaHHOM c MapKCHCTCKHX MeTO,ZJ;OJIOrH'feCKHX Il03HHi1, COHOJIOrH.fl onpe.n;eJI.HeTC.fl KaK HayKa 06 o6HX HcnempH'feCKHX COHaJibHbIX 3aKO . HaX H 3aKOHOMepHOCT.fIX pa3BHTH.fl H cpyHKHOHHpOBaHH.fl HCTOpH'feCKH onpe.n;eJieHHbIX COHaJibHbIX CHCTeM, HayKa 0 MexaHH3Max.n;ei1cTBH.fl H cpopMax npoHBJieHH.fl 3THX 3aKOHOB H 3aKOHOMepHOCTei1 B.n;e.HTeJibHOCTH JIH'fHOCTeH, COHaJibHbIX o6HOCTei1, KJiaccoB, Hapo.n;oB.
2 CO'lfUOJW ZU J!, u apyzue nayxu 06 o6utecmee Mbr npoHCHHJIH B caMOM o6eM BH.n;e, 'fTO HayqaeT coHOJIOrHH. Ho,ZJ;JI.fl Toro, 'fT06bI paao6paTbC.fl B 3TOM 6oJiee KOHKpeTHO, He06XO,!J;HMO paccMO TpeTb B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHe COHOJIOrHH H CMe:>KHbIX c Hero HayK 06 o6e CTBe, COHaJibHOM, o6HOCT.fIX H HH,!l;HBH.n;ax. J1a.n;ecb, npem.n;e Bcero, He o6XO,!J;HMO COilOCTaBHTb COHOJIOrHIO H COHaJibHYIO cpHJIOCOcpHIO. CoHoJiorHH, KaK H MHorHe.n;pyrHe HayKH, Bb 'fJieHHJiacb H3 cpHJio cocpHH. B Te"tfeHHe,ZJ;JIHTeJibHoro BpeMeHH coHOJIOrH'fecKoe 3HaHHe Ha KanJIHBaJIOCb B He.n;pax cpHJIOCOcpHH. J1.n;ame IlOCJie Toro, KaK COHOJIOrH.fl B JIHe 0. KoHTa H 3.,D;ropKrei1Ma npoBoarJiaCHJia cBoro HeaaBHCHMOCTb OT cpHJIOCOcpHH B Ka"tfeCTBe IlO,ZJ;JIHHHOH HayKH 06 o6eCTBe, cpHJIOCOcpHH npo.n;oJI:>KaJia HrpaTb 3aMeTHyro pOJib B COHOJIOrH'feCKHX H3bICKaHH.fIX. CoHOJIOrHIO «OTOB-OCHOBaTeJiei1» 0. KOHTa, r.CneHcepa, 3..,D;ropKrei1: Ma, M.. Be6epa ee oqeHb Tpy.n;Ho oT.n;eJIHTb OT coHaJibHOH cpHJiococpHH. BoJiee Toro, MO:>KHO c yBepeHHOCTblO CKa3aTb, 'fTO B eJIOM pH.n;e HCCJie.n;o BaHHH KJIIO"tfeBbIX npo6JieM o6eCTBeHHOH:IKH3HH TeopeTH"tfeCKa.fl COH OJIOrH.fl nepenJieTaeTC.fl c COHaJibHOH cpHJIOCOcpHeH. fro me TaKoe coaJibHaH cpHJiococpHH? CoqHaJibHaa cpHJiococpHH npe.n;cTaBJI.fleT co6oi1: paa.n;eJI cpHJIOCOcpHH, IlOCBeHHbrn OCMbICJieHHIO Ka- qecTBeHHOI'O CBoeo6pa3JUI o6eCTBa B ero OTJIM'll1H OT npHpO,!l;bL 0Ha aHaJIH- 3HpyeT npo6JieMbI CMbICJia H eJIH ceCTBOBaHJUI o6ecTBa, ero reHe3HC, cy,Zl;b6y H nepcneKTHBbI, HanpaBJieHHOCTb,!l;BH:IK CHJI H ero pa3BHTH.fl. CJie.n;yeT OTMeTHTb, 'fTO 3TH BOilpOCbl B onpe.n;eJieHHOH CTeneHH MOryT CJiy :IKJITb npe.n;MeTOM TeopeTH'feCKHX pa3MbIIIIJieHHi1 H Tex, KTO npH'fHCJI.fleT ce- 6.R K npocpeCCHH COI.µiOJIOI'OB. Ho npH 3TOM CJie.zzyeT.RCHO OC03HaBaTh, '-ITO B 3TOM CJiyqae mm: BhICTyrraIOT He KaK COI.µiOJIOrn:-npocpeccHOHaJib1, HO, KaK H pyrn:e npecTaBJITeJIH cpaMeHTaJibHoi1: Hayirn, 3amiMa1011.µ1eC.R IID1p0- KHMH TeopeTWiecKHMH o6o6U1eHJ1.RMH, BTopralOTC.R B o6JiaCTb cpHJIOCocpHH H Bb CTyrraIOT B MHHOM CJiyqae KaK npecTaBHTeJIH COI.µiaJlbHOH cpHJiococpmt. y COQHaJibHOH cpHJIOCOcpHH H COQHOJIOrHH Ot:feHb urnpoKa.R o6JiaCTb COBnaeHH.R o6'beKTa H3yqeHH.R. l1x pa3JIH'fHe 6oJiee OTt:feTJIHBO npO.RBJl.fl eTC.fl B npeMeTe HCCJieOBaHH.R. 0 npeMeTe HCCJieOBaHH.fl COQHOJIOrHH peqh yme uIJia Bh llle. IpeMeTHOi1: me ccpepoi1: co1.µ1aJihHO-cpHJiococpcKHx pa3MbIIIIJieHHH.RBJI.ReTC.R HCCJieOBaHHe 06U1eCTBeHHOH mH3HH, npeme BCero, c TO'fKH 3peHH.R pellleHH.R MHpOB033peH'feCKHX npo6JieM, QeHT paJibHOe MeCTO cpeHKOTOpbIX 3aHHMaIOT CMbICJIOmH3HeHHbie npo6JieMbl. Ellie B 60Jib1IIei1: Mepe pa3JIH'fHe Mey COQHaJibHOi1: cpttJiococpttei1: H COQHOJIOrHeH o6HapymHBaeTC.R B MeToe HCCJieoBaHH.fl COQHaJibHOro. cI>ttJiococpH.R pe1IIaeT 06U1eCTBeHHb1e npo6JieMbI yMo3pHTeJibHO, pyKo BOCTBY.RCb onpeeJieHHbIMHYCTaHOBKaMH, KOTOpbie pa3BHBalOTC.R Ha OCHOBe QenH JIOrHt:feCKHX pa3MblllIJieHHH. COQHOJIOrH.R 3a.RBHJia 0 CBOei1: caMOCTO.RTeJibHOCTH no OTHOllleHHIO K cpHJIOCOcpHH HMeHHO noToMy, t:fTO oHa nocTaBHJia nepe co6oi1: 3aaqy pellleHH.R 06U1eCTBeHHh X npo6JieM Ha OCHOBe Hay'fHb X MeTOOB n03HaHH.fl eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH. lo MHeHHIO «OTQOB-OCHOBaTeJieH» COQHOJIOrHH, 06U1eCTBeHHa.R mH3Hb OJimHa H3Y t:faTbC.fl He YM03pHTeJibHO, a Ha OCHOBe MeTOOB 3MnHpH'feCKOH (onh THOH) HayKH.CaMOCTO.RTeJihHOe pa3BHTHe COQHOJIOrHH KaK pa3 H CB.R3aHO c TeM, t:fTO OHa Ha'faJia aKTHBHO OCBaHBaTb npH aHaJIH3e COQHaJibHbIX npoQeCCOB KOJIH'feCTBeHHbi e MeTObl c npHMeHeHHeM CJIOmHbIX MaTeMaTHt:feCKHX npoQeyp, B TOM t:fHCJie TeOpHIO Bepo.RTHOCTH, c6o·p H aHaJIH3 3MnHpHqec KHX aHHbIX, ycTaHOBJieHHe CTaTHCTH'feCKHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTei1:, Bbipa- 6oTaJia onpeeJieHHbie npoQeypbl 3MnHpH'feCKOI'O HCCJieOBaHH.R.IIpH 3TOM COQHOJIOrH.R onHpaJiaCb Ha OCTHmeHH.fl CTaTHCTHKH, eMorpacpHH, nCHXOJIOrHH H pyrHX HCQHnJIHH, H3Yt:falOUIHX 06U1eCTBO H qeJIOBeKa. Ho B TaKOM cJiyqae BCTaeT Bonpoc: KaK pa3JIH'fHTb COQHOJIOrHIO H pyrtte 3MnHpH'feCKHe HayKH 06 06U1eCTBe H JIH'fHOCTH? 8Ta npo6JieMa oco6eHHO CJIOmHa H B 3Hat:fHTeJibHOH Mepe.RBJI.ReTC.R HepellleHHOH B OTHO llleHHH KOHKpeTHblX COQHaJihHblX HayK H OTpacJieBblX COQHOJIOrHH, Ha npHMep eMorpacpHH H COQHOJIOrHH 6paKa H CeMhH, 3KOHOMHt:feCKOH TeO pHH H 3KOHOMHt:feCKOH COQHOJIOrHH H T..,[(oBOJibHO OCTpo, XOT.R, MomeT 6h Tb, H He TaK 3a MeTHO, OHa CTOHT npH COOTHOllleHHH nCHXOJIOrHH H COQH OJIOrHH, MMe.fl B BHy, t:fTO COQHaJibHa.R nCHXOJIOrH.R.RBJI.ReTC.fl pa3eJIOM COQHOJIOrHH. PellleHHe 3Toro Bonpoca npeJiaraeTC.R no cJiey10U1ei1: cxe Me. lcHXOJIOrH.R B OCHOBHOM cocpeOTO'feHa Ha H3Yt:feHHH HHHBHyaJib HOI'O «.H))' ccpepa COQHOJIOrHH -3TO npo6JieMbl MemJIH'fHOCTHOro B3aHMO ei1:CTBH.R -«MbI». BTOH Mepe, B KaKoi1: yqeHbIHHCCJieyeT JIH'fHOCTh KaK cy6'beKT H o6'beKT COQHaJihHOH CB.R3H, B3aHMOeHCTBHH H OTHOllleHHH, paccMaTpHBaeT JIH'fHOCTHh e QeHHOCTHbi e opHeHTaQHH c COQHaJibHblX n03HQHH, poJieBblX omHaHHH HT..,OH BblCTynaeT KaK COQHOJIOr. Pe1IIeHHe Bonpoca o cneQHcpHKe COQHOJIOrHH HenocpeCTBeHHO CB.R3aH c OTBeTOM Ha Bonpoc: KOra me OHa no.RBHJiaCb KaK caMOCTO.fl TeJibHa.R HayKa? CoepmaTeJibHOMY paccMoTpeHHIO 3Toro Bonpoca 6y- Co411ononm KaK HayKa. npeAMeT 11 <l>YHK41111 co411onor1111 13 ,ZJ;eT noeBRI.QeHa eJie,ZJ;ylOI.QaR TeMa. 3,ZJ;eeb me Mbl orpaHw<mMeR cpopMaJih HbIMJ1 KpHTepHRMJ1 J1,ZJ;OJIJKHbl onupaTheR Ha npHHQJ1Ilhl,Bbipa6oTaHHhle HayKOBe,ZJ;eHHeM. c TO'iKJ1 3peHJ1R HayKOBe,ZJ;eHHR, eTaHOBJieHHe JII06oii HayKH npem,ZJ;e Beero eBR3aHO c BHeIIIHeti J1 BHyTpeHHeti J1HeTHTYQHOHa JIJ13aQHeii,ZJ;aHHOH HayKH, TO eeTh npuo6peTeHHeM,ZJ;aHHOW HayKoti aTpH- 6yTOB eOQJ1aJihHOro J1HeTHTyTa. B 3TOM npoQeeee MOJKHO Bh,ZJ;eJIHTh pn,D; Heo6xo,ZJ;HMh X MOMeHTOB, KaJK,ZJ;blH J13 KOTOpbIX noeJie,ZJ;OBaTeJibHO yrJiy6JIReT J1HeTHTYQHOHaJIH3a QJ1lO: 1) cpopMHpoBaHHe eaMOe03HaHJ1R yqeHbIX, eneQJ1aJIJ13HpylOI.QJ1XeR B ,ZJ;aHHoii o6JiaeTH 3HaHHR. Y'ieHhie oeo3Ha10T, 'iTO OHM HMelOT cBoii eneQH cpuqeeKuii o6'beKT J1 eBOJ1 eneQHcpuqeeKHe MeTO,Zl;bl ueeJie,ZJ;OBaHHR; 2) eo- 3,ZJ;aHHe eneQHaJIJ13HpOBaHHhlX nepHO,ZJ;H'ieeKJ1X J13,ZJ;aHHtt; 3) BBe,ZJ;eHHe,ZJ;aH HblX HayqHhlX,ZJ;J1eQJ1IlJIJ1H B yqe6Hble nJiaHhlpa3JIJ1'iHblX TJ1Il0B yqe6HblX 3aBe,ZJ;eHHii: JIJ1QeeB, fJ1MHa3HH, KOJIJie,ZJ;meti, YHHBepeHTeTOB J1 T.,ZJ;.; 4) eo- 3,ZJ;aHHe eneQJ1aJIJ13HpOBaHHblX yqe6HblX 3aBe,ZJ;eHJ1H no,ZJ;aHHbIM OTpaeJIRM 3HaHuii;5) e03,ZJ;aHHe opraHH3aQHOHHOH cpopMbl o6'be,ZJ;HHeHJ1R yqeHblX,ZJ;aH HhlX,ZJ;HeQHilJIHH: HaQHOHaJihHh X u Mem,ZJ;yHapo,D;Hh X aeeoQHaQuii.CoQHO JioruR npouIJia Bee 3TJ1eTa,ZJ;HH npoQeeea HHeTHTYQHOHaJiu3aQHJ1 B pa3JIH'i Hh X eTpaHax EBponhI u CIIIA, Ha'iHHaR e 40-x ro,ZJ;OB XIX eToJieTHR.
3 Cmpy1Cmy pa couo.1w2uu lIOMJ1MO BHelllHeii J1HeTHTYQHOHaJIH3aQHJ1, eOQJ10JIOrHR, KaK J1 BeRKaR ,D;pyraR HayKa,,Zl;OJIJKHa npoi1TJ1 npoQeee BHyTpeHHeii J1HeTHTYQHOHaJIJ1- 3aQJ1J1. BHyTpeHHRR HHeTHTYQHOHaJIH3aQHR 03HaqaeT eoBepmeHeTBO BaHue opraHH3aQHOHHoii eTpyKTYPhIHayKu, HaJIH'iHe yeTOH'iHBoro pa3- ,ZJ;eJieHHR Tpy,D;a BHYTPH,ZJ;HeQHilJIHHhI, cpopMupoBaHHe npaBHJI u HOpM npocpeeeuoHaJihHOH 3TJ1KJ1, pa3pa60TKY 3cpcpeKTJ1BHblX ueeJie,ZJ;OBaTeJib eKHX MeTO,Zl;OB u npueMOB. Bee 3TO,ZJ;OJIJKHO o6eene'iHTh,ZJ;eiieTBHTeJibHhIH npoQeee npOH3BO,ZJ;eTBa J1 eueTeMaTH3aQJ1J1 3HaHJ1H B onpe,D;eJieHHOH o6- JiaeTJ1 n03HaHHR. 0,ZJ;HO H3 BamHeiiumx MeeT B 3TOM npoQeeee npuHa,ZJ;Jie JKHT pa3,ZJ;eJieHHlO Tpy,D;a, HaJIH'iHlO B opraHu3aQHOHHOH eTpyKType HayKu Tpex OTHOeHTeJibHO He3aBHeJ1Mh X ypoBHeii: 1) ypoeeub <fJyn)l;aMeHTaJib HblX JICCJIC,ll;OBaHHH, 3a,ZJ;a'ieH KOTOpbIX RBJIReTeR npupaI.QeHHe Hay'iHOro 3HaHHR nyTeM noeTpoeHHR Teopuii,paeKpb1Ba10I.QHX YHHBepeaJihHbi e 3a KOHOMepHoeTu J1 npHHQJ1Ilbl,ZJ;aHHOW o6JiaeTH; 2) ypoeeub npHKJia)l;HblX JICCJie,ll;OBaHHH, B KOTOpbIX eTaBHTeR 3a,ZJ;a'ia H3y'ieHJ1R aKTyaJibHbIX, J1MelOI.QJ1X Henoepe,D;eTBeHHYlO npaKTH'ieeKylO QeHHOeTb npo6JieM, Ha oe HOBe eyI.QeeTBYlOI.QJ1X cpyH,ZJ;aMeHTaJihHbIX 3HaHui1;3) COHaJibHaH HmKe uepHH -ypoBeHb npaKTH'ieeKoro BHe,D;peHJ1R Hay'iHbIX 3HaHJ1H e QeJihlO KOHeTpyupoBaHHR pa3JIJ1'iHblX TeXHJ1'ieeKJ1X epe,D;eTB J1 eoBeprueHeTBO BaHHR J1MelOI.QJ1XeR TeXHOJIOrHH..n:aHHaR KJiaeeucpuKaQHR Il03BOJIReT Bbl 'iJieHHTb B eTpyKType eoQHOJioruu TPH ypoBHR: TeopeTH'ieeKyio eoQHO Jioruio, npHKJia,ZJ;HYlO eOQJ10JIOfJ1lO, eOQHaJibHYlO J1HJKeHepuio. Hapn,D;y e 3THMJ1 TpeMR ypoBHRMH, eoQHOJioru Bh,ZJ;eJIRlOT TaKme BHYTPH eBoeii HayKu MaKpo- u MHKpoeoQHOJioruio. MaKpocouoJiorHH ue eJie,ZJ;yeT KpynHOMaemTa6Hbl e eOQJ1aJibHbi e eueTeMbIJ1 J1CTOpuqeeKJ1,Zl;JIJ1- YposeHb
MemJIH'IHOCTHbIH T1mosoe B3aHMo,11eiicTBHe (no npasHJ1aM) Ponesoe nose,11eHHe C01-1HaJibHbi u cTaTyc MelKJIWIHOCTHble CBH3H Mzpa B <fiym60J1.
Tpenep - uzpoic AoaOKam - co6cmaennuic CmyoenmbL uncmumyma
I'pynnosoii IIepBH'IHaH rpyrma OpraHH3al.\HH rpynnOBOe OTHOWeHHe Ko.M.nanu.R opyseii BMbHU!fa Tpyo - ynpaMenue
CoeTaJibeblii Ji1HCTHTYT Co1-1HaJibHblil: nopn,110K K.rracc If cJiou rop0,!1 H 0011.\HOCTb
PMUZUJl MDHap:nui ,l{aopAHCfflBO Mocicaa
MupOBbie CHCTeMbl
Me)i(,ZJ;yHapo,!1Hble OTHOWeHHH Me>KHal.\HOHaJlbHble opraHH3al.\HH rJIOOaJibHb!il: HHCTHTYT MHposan e3aHM03aBHCHMOCTb OOH I'punnuc JfCJl.a.M. llpou.s800cmao ne<fimu
Puc. 1. Ypoeuu couo.nozuttec'ICozo aua.nuaa TeJibHbie npm:eCCbl. Mmcpoco:quOJIOrH H HayqaeT IIOBCeMeCTHOe IIOBe,n;e HHe mo,n;e:i1: B HX Henocpe,n;cTBeHHOM MemJIH'iHOCTHOM B3aHMO,n;e:i1:CTBHH. 3TH ypoBHH He MOrYT paccMaTpHBaTbCJ'I KaK Haxo,n;m.1ec11 Ha pa3JIH'iHbIX IIJIOCKOCTJ'IX H He conpHKacaroec11,n;pyr c,n;pyroM.HanpoTHB, oHH TecHo B3aHMOCBJ'l3aHbl, TaK KaK Henocpe,n;cTBeHHOe, nosce,n;HeBHOe IIOBe,n;eHHe JIJO,n;e:i1: ocyeCTBJIJ'leTCJ'I B paMKax onpe,n;eJieHHblX COQHaJibHbIX CHCTeM, CTPYKTYP H HHCTHTYTOB. Ha pHc.l,n;eTaJibHO noKaaaHo, KaKHM o6paaoM pa3JIH'iHbie ypoBHH COQHOJIOrH'i eCKOro aHaJIH3a nepeceKalOTCJ'I B pa3HbIX IIJIOCKOCTJ'IX 'ieJioseqecKoro saaHMo,n;e:i1:cTBHJ'I. HanpHMep, rpynna -3TO JIIO,ll;H o6'be,ll;HHeHHbie B3aHMHbIMH HHTepecaMH HJIH 3aBHCHMbi e,n;pyr OT ,n;pyra HOTJIH'iaroec11OT,ll;pyrHX rpynn OTHOWeHHJ'IMH H QeJIJ'IMH.B 3TOM CMbICJie peqb H,n;eT H o rpynne, Ho CHCTeMe. HanpHMep,,n;sa coce,n;a, ceMbJ'I, HaQHJ'I. focy,n;apCTBO -3TO TaKme rpynna, paCCMaTpHBaeMaJ'I Ha COQHe TaJibHOM yposHe. Ha yposHe MHpOBbIX CHcTeM (MaKpoyposHe) paccMaTpH saeTc11 OTHOWeHHe rocy,n;apCTBa c,n;pyrHM rocy,n;apcTBOM. Csoeo6paaHo:i1: cpopMo:i1: nepeceqeHHJ'I scex 3THX yposHe:i1: BbicTy naroT TaKHe cTpyKTYPHbie aJieMeHTbl COQHOJIOrHH, KaK OTpacJieBbie co QHOJiorHH: COQHOJIOrHJ'I Tpy,n;a, 3KOHOMH'ieCKaJ'I COQHOJIOrHJ'I, COQHOJIOrHJ'I opraHH3aQHH, COQHOJIOrHJ'I,n;ocyra, COQHOJIOrHJ'I a,n;pasooxpaHeHHJ'I, co QHOJIOrHJ'I ropo,n;a, COQHOJIOrHJ'I,n;epeBHH, COQHOJIOrHJ'I o6paaosaHHJ'I, co QHOJIOrHJ'I ceMbH H T.,n;. B,n;aHHOM cJiyqae pe'ib H,n;eT o paa,n;eJieHHH Tpy,n;a B ccpepe COQHOJIOrHH IIO xapaKTepy HCCJie,n;yeMbIX o6'beKTOB. OpHrHHaJibHYJO KOHQeIIQHJO paasHTHJ'I COQHOJiorHH BbI,ll;BHHYJI aMepHKaHCKH:i1: coQHOJior P. MepTOH. B 1947 ro,n;y, noJieMH3Hpy11 c T. IIapcoHCOM, KOTOpb1:i1: paToBaJI aa coa,n;aHHe B COQHOJiorHH «Bceoxsa TbIBaro e:i1: TeOpHH, OIIHparoe:i1:c11 Ha TeopHH COQHaJibHOro,n;e:i1:CTBHJ'I H COL.1"10nOn1R KaK HayKa. npeAM0T "1 cpyHKL.1"1"1 COL1"10norn1-1 15 cTpyKTypHo-cpyHKQHOHaJibHb H MeTOA». P. MepTOH C"iHTaJI, "iTO coaAa HHe IlOA06HblX TeopHH npemAeBpeMeHHO, TaK KaK eIQe HeT HaAe:>KHOH 3MnHpH"ieCKOH 6aab1. OH C"iHTaJI, "iTO Heo6XOAHMO coaAaBaTb TeopHH cpeAUero ypoBHH,KOTOpble BbinOJIH.RlOT npoMemyTO"iHYlO pOJib Me:>KAY MaJiblMH pa60"iHMH rHnoTe3aMH, paaBepTb BalOIQHMHC.R B H306HJIHH B IlOBCeAHeBHblX HCCJieAOBaHH.RX, H nrnpOKHMH TeopeTH"ieCKHMH KOHCT PYKQH.RMH, noH.RTHHHa.R cxeMa KOTOpbIX noaBOJI.ReT npoH3BOAJ1Tb 6oJib woe "iHCJIO 3MnHpH"ieCKH Ha6JilOAaeMblX aaKOHOMepHOCTeH COQHaJibHOro noBeAeHH.R. 3aAa"iH TaKoro poAa TeopHH - aKKYMYJI.RQH.R 3MilHpH"ieCKHX AaHHbIX. 0HH MoryT B03HHKaTb B OTAeJibHblX OTpaCJI.RX COQHOJIOrHH KaK cneQHaJibHbi e TeOpHH HJIH me MOryT 6bITb peayJibTaTOM o6o6IQeHH.R rpynnbl cpaKTOB. lpHMepOM TaKoro pOAa TeOpHH MO:>KeT CJIY:>KHTb co- 3AaHHa.R P. MepTOHOM KOHQenQH.R auoMHH, o6'b.RCH.RlOIQa.R paaJIH"iHble THilbl OTKJIOH.RlOIQeroc.R noBeAeHH.R. Bee KpynHbie ccpepbl o6IQeCTBeHHOH:>KH3HH HCCJieAYIQTC.R Ha OCHO Be COQHOJIOrH"ieCKHX MeTOAOB. HanpHMep, COQHOJIOrH.R TPYAa HayqaeT TPYA KaK coQHaJlbH0-3KOHOMH"iecKHH npoQecc BO BceM MHOroo6paaHH ero CB.R3eH c COQHaJibHblMH HHCTHTYTaMH. B HeH opraHH"ieCKH CB.R3aHbl Teo pH.R HnpaKTHKa COQHaJibHoro ynpaBJieHH.R TPYAOBOH Ae.RTeJibHOCTblO JllO Aeli.B noJie apeHH.R coQHoJiora HaXOA.fITC.R coQHaJlbHbie cpopMbI H ycJIOBH.R TPYAa, ero KOJIJieKTHBHb H HJIH HffAHBHAyaJibHbrn xapaxTep, coQHaJibHa.R opraHH3aQH.R COBMeCTHoro TPYAa. CoQHOJIOrH.R TPYAa xapaKTepHayeT pa3JIH"iHbie COQHaJibHO-Il CHXOJIOrH"ieCKHe MeXaHH3Mbl BKJllO"ieHH.R pa- 60THHKa B TPYAOBYIO Ae.RTeJibHOCTb, TO ecTb MOTHBaQHlO H CTHMYJIHPOBa HHe TPYAa, YAOBJieTBopeHHe pa6oToli H OTHoweHHe K Heli,IIyrH noBblllle HH.R TPYAOBOH aKTHBHOCTH, npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTH TPYAa HT. A-
4 <f>y H X UU COUO.IWZUU
MHoroo6paaHe CB.Raeli coQHOJIOrHH c:>KH3Hbl0 o6IQeCTBa, ee o6IQeCT BeHHoe npeAHaaHa"ieHHe onpeAeJI.RlOTC.R, B nepBylO oqepeAb, cpyHKQH .RMH, KOTOpbie OHa BblilOJIH.ReT. 0AHOH H3 Ba:>KHeHWHX cpyHKQHH COQHO JIOrHH, KaK H BC.RKOH Apyroli HayKH,.RBJI.ReTc.R noauaeaTeJILHaH.CoQH OJIOrH.R Ha Bcex ypoBH.RX H BO Bcex CBOHX CTPYKTYPHbIX 3JieMeHTax o6ecne"iHBaeT, npe°mAe Bcero, npHpocT HOBoro aHaHH.R o paaJIH"iHbIX ccpepax COQHaJibHOH:>KH3HH, pacKpbrnaeT aaKOHOMepHOCTH H nepcneK THBbl COQHaJibHOro pa3BHTH.R o6IQeCTBa. 3TOMY CJiyacaT KaK cpyHAa MeHTaJibHbie TeopeTH"ieCKHe H3bICKaHH.R, Bbipa6aTb1BalOIQHe MeTOAO JIOrH"ieCKHe npHHQHilbl Il03HaHH.R COQHaJibHblX npoQeCCOB H 0606IQalO !QHX 3Ha"iHTeJibHbl H cpaKTH"ieCKHH MaTepHaJI, TaK H HenocpeACTBeHHO 3MilHpH"ieCKHe HCCJieAOBaHH.R, IlOCTaBJI.RlOIQHe 3TOH HayKe 6oraTblH cpaKTH"ieCKHH MaTepHaJI, KOHKpeTHYlO HHcpOpMaQHlO 0 Tex HJIH HHblX o6JiaCT.RX o6IQeCTBeHHOH:>KH3HH. XapaKTepHoti qepTOH COQHOJIOrHH.RBJI.ReTC.R eAHHCTBo TeopHH H npaKTHKH.3Ha"iHTeJibHa.R "iaCTb COQHOJIOrH"ieCKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH OpH eHTHpOBaHa Ha peweHHe npaKTH"ieCKHX npo6JieM.B 3TOM nJiaHe Ha nep Boe MeCTO BbICTynaeT npHKJHl,IUl3H <l>YHKl\HH COQHOJIOrHH, B paMKax KO- Topoi1: npoHBJu1eTcH pH,n; ee.n;pyrux cpyHKMi1:. CoMOJiorn<i:ecKMe uccJie ,n;oBaHMH.n;aroT KOHKpeTHYIO HHcpOpMaMIO,ll;JIH ocyeCTBJieHMH,n;eMCT BeHHOro coMaJibHoro KOHTPOJIH Ha,n; coMaJibHbIMH npoeccaMM. Be3 3TOM HHcpopMaMM B03pacTaeT B03Mo:>KHOCTb IlOHBJieHMH COMaJibHOro HanpHmeHMH, coMaJibHbIX KpM3HCOB M KaTaKJIM3MOB. B no,n;aBJIHro eM 60JibllIMHCTBe CTpaH opraHbl MCilOJIHMTeJibHOM M npe,n;cTaBMTeJibHOM BJiaCTM, IlOJIMTM'l:eCKMe napTMH M o6'be,ll;MHeHMH IIIHpOKO MCilOJib3YIOT B03MO:>KHOCTM COMOJIOrMM,ll;JIH npoBe,n;eHMH eJieHanpaBJieHHOM IlOJIM TMKM BO BCex ccpepax o6eCTBeHHOM:>KM3HM. B 3TOM npOHBJIHeTCH <l>YHK QHH CQQHaJibHOro KOHTPOJIH. IIpaKTM<i:ecKaH HanpaBJieHHOCTb coMOJiorMM Bb1pamaeTCH M B TOM, 'l:TO OHa cnoco6Ha Bbipa6oTaTb Hay<i:HO o60CHOBaHHbi e nporH03bl 0 TeH,n;eHMHX pa3BMTMH couaJibHb X npoeccoB B 6y.n;y eM. B 3TOM npo HBJIHeTcH nporuocTH'leCKaH <l>YHKQHH coMoJiorMM. Oco6eHHO Ba:>KHO HMeTb TaKOH nporH03 B nepexo,n;HbIM nepuo.n; pa3BMTMH o6eCTBa. B3TOM nJiaHe COMOJIOrMH cnoco6Ha: 1) onpe,n;eJIHTb, KaKOB,n;Mana30H B03MO:>K HOCTei1:, BepoHTHOCTeM, OTKpbIBalOMXCH nepe.n; y<i:aCTHMKaMM co6bITMM Ha,n;aHHOM MCTOpM<i:eCKOM 3Tane; 2) npe,n;cTaBMTb aJibTepHaTMBHbi e ce HapHH 6y.n;y MX npoeccoB, CBH3aHHb X c Ka:>K,ll;blM M3 BbI6paHHbIX pe IIIeHMM; 3) pacc<i:MTaTb BepOHTHbie IlOTepH no Kam,n;oMy M3 aJibTepHaTMB Hb X BapHaHTOB, BKJIIO'l:aH no60'l:Hble acpcpeKTbI, a TaKme,ll;OJiroBpeMeH Hble IlOCJie,ll;CTBMH M T. .n;. BoJibIIIOe 3Ha<i:eHMe B:>KM3HM o6ecTBa HMeeT ucnoJib30BaHMe co MoJiorM<i:ecKMx MCCJie,ll;OBaHMH,ll;JIH nJiaHHpOBaHMH pa3BMTMH pa3Hoo6- pa3HbIX ccpep o6ecTBeHHOM:>KM3HM. CoQHaJihHoe nJiau11pooa1111e pa3- BMTO BO BCex CTpattax MHpa, He3aBHCMMO OT COMaJibHb X CMCTeM. OHO OXBaTbIBaeT caMbie IIIMPOKMe o6JiaCTM, Ha'l:MHaH OT onpe,n;eJieHHbIX npo eCCOB:>KM3He,n;eHTeJibHOCTM MHpOBOro coo6eCTBa, OT,ll;eJibHbIX perMO HOB M CTpaH M KOH'l:aH COMaJibHbIMIlJiaHHpOBaHHeM:>KM3HM ropo,n;oB, ceJI, OT,n;eJibHblX npe.n;npMHTMM M KOJIJieKTMBOB. CoMoJiorMH, HecMoTpH Ha JIM'l:Hbie ycTaHOBKM y<i:eHb1x-co MOJIO roB, BblilOJIHHJia M npo,n;oJimaeT BblilOJIHHTb 11.n;eoJiorH'leCKYIO <l>YHKQHIO. Pe3yJibTaTbl MCCJie,n;oBaHMM MoryT MCilOJib30BaTbCH B MHTepecax KaKMX JIM6o COMaJibHblX rpynn,ll;JIH,ll;OCTM:>KeHMH HMM onpe,n;eJieHHb X COMaJib Hb X eJiei1:. CoMoJio- ru<i:ecKoe 3HaHMe 3a<i:acTyro cJiymMT cpe,n;cTBOM MaHMilYJIMpOBaHMH noBe,n;eHMeM JIIO,n;ei1:, cpopMHpOBaHMH onpe,n;eJieHHblX CTepeOTMil OB IlOBe,n;eHMH, C03,ll;aHMH CMCTeMbl eHHOCTHbl X M COMaJib HbIX npe.n;no<i:TeHMM M T. .n;. Ho COMOJIOrMH MO:>KeT CJIY:>KHTb M yJIY'l:IIIe HMIO B3aMMOilOHMMaHMH Mem.n;y JIIO,ll;bMH, cpopMMpOBaHMIO y HHX <i:yBCTBa 6JIM30CTH, 'l:TO B KOHe KOHOB cnoco6cTBYeT COBepIIIeHCTBOBaHMIO 06- eCTBeHHbIX OTHOIIIeHHM. B 3TOM cJiy<i:ae roBOpHT o ryMaHHCTH'leCKOH <i>YHKQHH COQHOJIOrHH. CmauoBJie,,;, u ocuoB1-lble amanbi ucmopu1lec1Co20 pa3BU mUJL COtf.-UO.fl02UU 1/ 0. KoHm - poooHa"laAbHU1C couo.ttozuu. Y1leHue o mpex cmaou;ix pa3eumu;i o6uwcmea. Co.ttuoapHocmb u coZ.ttacue. Coua.abHa.ii cmamu1Ca u OU'lia.MU1Ca 2/ Coua.abHbte yc.ttoeu.ii u meopemu11,ec1Cue npeonocbl.lt1CU 803'1iU1CHOBeHUJi COUO.ltOZUU 3 / K.1taccu11,ec1Cuu mun Hay11,Hocmu couo.ttozuu. Y11,eHue o Memooe 3. J{10p1CzeilMa 4/ Hempaou uoHHblU mun Hay11,Hocmu. «lIOHUMa10114a.ii couo.ttozu.ii» I'. 3UMMe.tt.ii u M. Be6epa 5 / OcHOBHbte npuHUnbl Mamepua.aucmu11,ec1COZO y11,eHUR 06 06114ecmee K. Map1Cca u <I>. 3HZe.ttbca 6/ OcHOBHbte 3manbl u Hanpae.tteHUR pa3eumu.ii couo.ttozuu e CIII A 7/ Pa3eumue couo.1tozu11,ec1COU Mblc.ttu e Poccuu
1 0. KoHm - poooHa"la.ltbHU1C couo.ttozuu. Y11,eHue 0 mpex cmaou;ix pa3eumu;i 06114ecmea. Co.ttuoapHocmb u coZ.ttacue. Coua.abHa.ii cmamu1Ca u OUHUMU1Ca PacurnpHTb w yrJiy6MTb npe,n;cTaBJieHMe o cooJiomw KaK HaYKe noMoraeT way<i:eHMe MCTopww ee cTaHOBJieHM.R w pa3BMTM.R. EcTeCTBeHHO B03HMKaeT Bonpoc: Kor,n;a Ji[ npHKaKMX ycJIOBM.RX OHa B03HMKaeT' 'l:TO IlOCJIYjf<:JiIJIO no6y ,ll;MTeJibHbIMTOJI'l:KOM,n;JI.R cpopMwpoBaHM.R HOBOH HaYKJiI06 o6ecTBe? 0TBeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc He COBCeM npOCTOH, IlOCKOJibKY onpe,n;eJieHHbie npe,n;cTaBJie HM.R 06 o6eCTBe pa3BMBaJIMCb B Te<i:eHMe MHOmx CTOJieTMH.Pa3BMTMe yqe HM.R 06 o6eCTBeHHOH JKM3HM MbI Haxo,n;MM yme B aHTM'l:HOH qmJiocoqmw IV BeKa,n;o Hameti apbI B pa6omax 11.ttamoHa «3a1COHbl», «0 zocyoapcmee)>, 8 ((11OJtUfflU1CUJ) ApucmomeJWl u op. Ee aKTMBHee 3Ta npo6JieMaTMKa pa3- pa6aTbIBaeTC.R B HoBoe BpeM.R B pa60Tax MaKMaBeJIJIM, Pycco, ro66ca Ji[,n;p. MomHo JIM c<i:wTaTb, <i:To Tor,n;a yme cyecTBOBaJia cowoJiorM.R KaK caMo cTo.RTeJibHa.R HayKa? Bepo.RTHO, HeT. 3,n;ecb 6oJiee YMeCTHO roBopHTb o co aJibHOH qmJIOCOcpMH KaK npe,n;mecTBeHHM e COMOJIOrMM. )lJI.R OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc 0 BpeMeHM IlO.RBJieHM.R COMOJIOrMM MbI ,n;oJIJKHbI onwpaTbC.R Ha KpHTepww, BbI,n;BwraeMbie HayKoBe,n;eHMeM. A OHO yTBepm,n;aeT, <i:To,n;JI.R pemeHM.R 3Toro Bonpoca, npem,n;e Bcero, Heo6xo Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó: |
Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.031 ñåê.) |