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Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 1 ñòðàíèöà

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 1 ñòðàíèöà
  2. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 10 ñòðàíèöà
  3. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 11 ñòðàíèöà
  4. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 2 ñòðàíèöà
  5. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 3 ñòðàíèöà
  6. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 4 ñòðàíèöà
  7. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 5 ñòðàíèöà
  8. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 6 ñòðàíèöà
  9. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 7 ñòðàíèöà
  10. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 8 ñòðàíèöà
  11. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 9 ñòðàíèöà

C01.f UO.IL02UU

1/ flpea.Mem u o6aeKm noauauu.R. C01fU0.11.02uu. flou.R.mue C01fUCL1tbtto20

2/ Co1fUOJl.02U.R. u apy2ue uayKU 06 061.LfeCmee

3/ CmpyKmy pa co1fuo.1w2uu

4/ <PyUK'lfUU C01fUOJl.02UU

 

 

1

flpeaMem u o6aeKm noauauu.R. co1fuo.1w2uu. flott.R.mue C01fUCL1tbU020

c TepMHHOM «eOl.l;HOJIOrH.H» Ka:lKblH H3 Hae BeTpeqaJie.H HeOOKpaTHO.

B eoBpeMeHHOH mH3HH oHa, KaK roBopHTe.H, y Beex «Ha eJiyxy». TeJieBH­ eHHe, paHO, ra3eTbl eoo611.l;aIOT 0 pe3yJibTaTax eou;110Jior11qeeKHX on­ poeoB HaeeJieHH.H no eaMbIM pa3Hoo6pa3Hb M npo6JieMaM. Cou;110Jior11qe­ eK11e eJiym6bI napJiaMeHTa, Ilpe3HeHTa, pa3JIK'iHbIX 11eeJieoBaTeJib­ eKHX u;eHTpOB H3yqaroT 0611.l;eeTBeHHOe MHeHHe no BamHeHWHM eou;J.1:­ aJibHO-nOJIHTH'i eeKHM H 3KOHOMH'ieeKHM BOnpoeaM: peHTHHr HaH6oJiee BJIH.HTeJibHbIX JIHl.l; B roeyapeTBe, npo6JieMbIu;eHOBOH noJIHTHKH, yoB­ JieTBopeHHOeTb ypoBHeM mH3HH H T. Ha npenpH.HTH.HX, B per110Hax npOBO.HTe.H eBOH eneu;11cp11qeeKHe eou;HOJIOrK'ieeKHe HeeJieOBaHH.H, B KOTOpbIX onpeeJI.HeTe.H eoeTO.HHHe eou;HaJibHOH Hanp.HmeHHOeTH B KOJI­ JieKTHBax, yoBJieTBopeHHOeTb HaeeJieHH.H TpaHenopTHbIM 06eJiym11Ba­ HHeM, pa60TOH pa3JIH'iHbIX opraHH3an;HH, ecpepbl yeJiyr. B HHeTHTyTax eTyeHTbl oeyll.l;eeTBJI.HIOT ou;eHKY pa60Tbl npenoaBaTeJieH, 3anOJIH.H.H aHKeTy «IlpenoaBaTeJib rJia3aMH eTyeHTa». Bee 3TO BHeWHHH, Jiema- 11.l;HH Ha noBepxHOeTH ypoBeHb eou;HOJIOrHqeeKHX HeeJieoBaHHH, KOTO­ pbIH eo3aeT o6pa3 eou;HOJIOrHH KaK npHKJiaHOH 3MnHpH'ieeKOH HayKH, eJiymall.l;eH yOBJieTBOpeHHIO KaKHX-TO TeKyll.l;HX, eHIOMHHYTHb X no­ Tpe6HoeTeH 0611.l;eeTBa. Ho MOmHo JIH eKa3aTb, 'iTO 3THM 11eqepnbrnaeTe.H

npeMeT H 3aaq11 eou;HOJIOrHH? l:lTo npeeTaBJI.HeT eo6o:i1 eou;HOJIOrH.H KaK HayKa? c 3THM KaK pa3 HaM H Heo6xoMO pa3o6paTbe.H.

Ha'iHeM e 3THMOJIOrHH. TepMHH «eou;110Jior11.H» -npOH3BOHoe OT BYX eJIOB: JiaTHHeKoro eJIOBa societas -0611.l;eeTBO H rpeqeeKorologo

-eJIOBO, noH.HTHe, yqeHHe. CJieoBaTeJibHO, 3THMOJior11qeeKH eou;110Jio­

r11.H -HayKa 06 0611.l;eeTBe. TaK ee H xapaKTep113yeT aMep11KaHeKHH eo­ u;110Jior /1,JIC. C.Me.n,aep B eBoeM yqe6HHKe «CO'lfUMOZU.R.». Ho 3TO OBOJibHO

a6eTpaKTHOe onpeeJieHHe, noeKOJibKY 0611.l;eeTBO B ero pa3JIH'iHb X ae­ neKTax 113yqaeTe.H 3Ha'iHTeJibHblM KOJIH'ieeTBOM ryMaHHTqpHblX H eou;H­ aJibHbIX Heu;HnJIHH: eou;HaJibHOH cp11Jioeocp11e:i1, noJIHTH'ieeKOH 3KOHO­ MHeH, HeTOpHeH, eMorpacpHeH HT.-)lJI.H Toro, 'iT06bInoH.HTb oeo6eHHO-


CTH COQHOJIOrHH, COQHOJIOrH'IeCKOro no,n;xo,n;a K H3y'IeHHIO o6rn;ecTBa, He­ o6xo,n;HMO Bbl'IJieHHTb co6cTBeHHYIO o6JiaCTb COQHOJIOrH'IeCKOro HCCJie­

,ll;OBaHH.R, a TaIOKe onpe,n;eJIHTb Te MeTO,ll;bl, KOTOpblMH COQHOJIOrH.R one­ pwpyeT..IJ:JI.R aToro, npem,n;e Bcero, cJie,n;yeT npoBeCTH cTporoe pa3rpaHH­ 'IeHHe Mem,n;y o6beKTOM" npe,zi;MeTOM COQHOJIOrHH.

B Ka'IeCTBe o6'beKTa TOH HJIH HHOH HayKH Bcer,n;a BbICTynaeT onpe,n;e­ JieHHa.R ccpepa o6'beKTHBHOro HJIHcy6'beKTHBHOro MHpa, BTO BpeM.R KaKnpe,n;­ MeT JII060H HayKH.RBJI.ReTC.R pe3yJibTaTOM TeopeT11'IeCKOro a6cTparHpOBa­ HH.R, n03BOJI.RIOrn;ero HCCJie,D;OBaTeJI.RM Bbl,ll;eJIHTb Te CTOpOHbl H3aKOHOMepHO­

CTH pa3BHTH.R H cpYffKQHOHHpOBaHH.R H3yqaeMoro o6'beKTa, KOTOpbre

.RBJI.RIOTC.R cneQHcpH'IecKHMH,n;JI.R,n;aHHOH HayKH.TaKHM o6pa30M, o6'beKT TOH

HJIH HHOH HayKH-3TO qacTb o6'beKTHBHOH Hcy6'beKTHBHOH peaJibHOCTH, 06-

Jia,n;arorn;a.R COOCTBeHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH, KOTOpbre H3yqalOTC.R TOJibKO,D;aHHOH HayKOH, a npe,n;MeT HayKH-3TO pe3yJibTaT HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKHX,n;eHCTBHH.

IIpHH.RTO C'IHTaTb, 'ITO o6'beKTOM coQHOJiorH'IecKoro no3HaHH.R.RB­ JI.ReTc.R BC.R COBOKynHOCTb CBOHCTB, CB.R3eH H OTHOIIIeHHH, KOTOpbre HOC.RT

Ha3BaHHe cOQHaJibHbrx. "CJTo me TaKoe COQHaJibHoe? Cou;naJihnoe, c TO'IKH

3peHH.R pOCCHHCKoro COQHOJiora r.B. OcwnoBa, -3TO COBOKynHOCTb Tex

UJIH UHblX CBOHCTB " oco6eHHOCTeu o6eCTBeHHblX OTDOIUeHuii,UHTe­ rpupoBaHHblX UH,D;UBU,D;aMU UJIU o6HOCTHMU B npou;ecce CODMeCTHOH

,zi;eHTeJibHOCTU D KOHKpeTHblX ycJIOBUHX, " npo.HBJimoeec.H B ux OTHO­ meHUU,zi;pyr K,zi;pyry, K CBOeMy IlOJIOmeHUIO B o6eCTBe, K HBJieHUHM " npou;eccaM o6ecTBeHHo:H mu3HU. CoQHaJibHoe.RBJieHHe HJIH npoQecc B03HHKaroT TOr,n;a, Kor,n;a noBe,n;eHHe,n;ame 0,ll;HOro HH,n;HBH,n;a OKa3bIBaeTC.R no,n; B03,D;eHCTBHeM,n;pyroro HH,ll;HBH,n;a HJIH HX rpynnbI (o6rn;HOCTH) -He- 3aBHCHMO OT Toro, npHCYTCTByeT JIH npH 3TOM,n;aHHblH HH,n;HBH,ll; HJIH o6rn;­

HOCTb. J1MeHHO B npoQecce B3aHMO,D;eHCTBH.R,n;pyr c,n;pyroM HH,ll;HBH,ll;bl OKa3bIBalOT B03,n;eiicTBHe,n;pyr Ha,n;pyra, cnoco6cTBYIOT TeM caMblM TOMy, 'ITO Kam,n;bIH H3 HHX CTaHOBHTC.R HOCHTeJieM H Bbipa3HTeJieM KaKHX-JIH60

COQHaJibHbIX Ka'IeCTB. TaKHM o6pa30M, COQHaJibHbie CB.R3H, COQHaJibHOe B3aHMO,D;eHCTBHe, COQHaJibHbie OTIIOIIIeHH.R H cnoco6 HX opraHH3aQHH.RB­ JI.RIOTC.R o6'beKTaMn cou;uoJioruqecKoro uccJie,zi;oeaHnH.

IIpe,n;MeT me COQHOJiorHH, nocKOJibKY OH.RBJI.ReTc.R pe3yJibTaToM

HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKHX,n;eHCTBHH, He MOmeT 6bITb onpe,n;eJieH CTOJib me o,n;­ H03Ha'IHO. loHHMaHHe npe,n;MeTa COQHOJIOrHH Ha npOT.RmeHHH BCeH HCTO­

pHH cyrn;ecTBOBaHH.R 3TOH HayKH MeH.RJIOCb. IIpe,n;cTaBHTeJIH pa3JIH'IHbIX IIIKOJI HHanpaBJieHHH BblCKa3bIBaJIH H BbICKa3bIBalOT pa3JIH'IHOe nOHHMa­ HHe npe,n;MeTa COQHOJIOrHH. J1 3TO ecTeCTBeHHO, TaK KaK npe,n;MeT HayKH HaXO,ll;HTC.R B TeCHOH CB.R3H c HCCJie,n;oBaTeJibCKOH,n;e.RTeJibHOCTblO yqeHbIX. OcHoBonoJiomHHK COQHOJiorww, cppaHQY3CKHH MbICJIHTeJib

0. KoHT C'IHTaJI, 'HTO COQHOJIOrH.R -3To no3HTHBHa.R HayKa 06 o6rn;ecTBe.

Bbr,n;arorn;HHC.R cppaHQY3CKHH coQHOJior 8..IJ:ropKrei1:M Ha3bIBaJI npe,n;Me­

TOM COQHOJIOrHH cou;uaJihHh e cpaKTb. lpH 3TOM COQHaJibHOe, no.IJ:ropK­ rei1:My, 03Ha'IaeT KOJIJieKTHBHOe.Ilo3TOMy npe,n;MeTOM COQHOJIOrHH, no ero MHeHHIO,.RBJI.ReTC.R KOJIJieKTHBHOe BO Bcex ero npo.RBJieHHHX.

C TO'IKH 3peHH.R HeMeQKoro cOQHOJiora M. Be6epa, coQHOJIOrH.R

-3TO HayKa 0 COQHaJibHOM noBe,n;eHHH, KOTOpoe OHa CTpeMHTC.R noH.RTb H HCTOJIKOBaTb. Cou;ua.JihHOe noee,zi;eHue, no M. Be6epy, -3TO OTHOIIIe-

 


HHe qeJIOBeKa, HHa'fe roBOpH, BHyTpeHHe HJIH BHeurne npOHBJI.fleMa.fl no- 3HI.. H.fl, opHeHTHpOBaHHa.fl Ha IlOCTYilOK HJIH B03.n;epmaHHe OT Hero. 3TO OTHOIIIeHHe.fIBJI.fleTC.fl IlOBe.n;eHHeM, KOr.n;a cy6'beKT CB.fl3bIBaeT ero c on­ pe.n;eJieHHbIM CMbICJIOM. loBe.n;eHHe C'fHTaeTC.fl COHaJibHbIM, Kor.n;a no CMbICJiy, KOTOpbIH eMy npH.n;aeT cy6'beKT, OHO COOTHeceHO c IlOBe.n;eHHeM

.n;pyrHX HH,!l;HBH,!l;OB.

B MapKCH3Me npe.n;MeTOM COHOJIOrH'fecKoro HCCJie,ZJ;OBaHH.fl.fIBJI.fl­ eTC.fl HayqHoe HayqeHHe o6eCTBa KaK COHaJibHOH CHCTeMbI H COCTaBJI.fl­ IOHX ero CTpyKTYPHbIX 3JieMeHTOB -JIH'fHOCTei1,COHaJibHbIX o6HOC­

Tei1,COHaJibHbIX HHCTHTYTOB. lIIHpOKOe pacnpocTpaHeHHe B HaIIIei1OTe­ qecTBeHHOH JIHTepaType HMeeT CJie.n;yro ee onpe.n;eJieHHe COHOJIOrHH. CoqHoJiorHH -aTo uay1rn 06 o6m;ecTBe 1rnR coqHaJILHo:H CHCTeMe B qe­ JioM, cpyHRqHOHHpOBaHHH H pa3BHTHH 3TOH CHCTeMblqepe3 ee COCTaB­

Hb e aJieMeHTL1:JIHqnocTH,coqHaJibHble o6m;uocTH,HHCTHTYTL.B yqe6- HOM noco6HH «CO'lf UOJW ZU J!.» (M..: MbiCJl.b, 1990..-C.. 25) r.. B. Ocunoea, Ha­

IlHCaHHOM c MapKCHCTCKHX MeTO,ZJ;OJIOrH'feCKHX Il03HHi1, COHOJIOrH.fl

onpe.n;eJI.HeTC.fl KaK HayKa 06 o6HX HcnempH'feCKHX COHaJibHbIX 3aKO­

. HaX H 3aKOHOMepHOCT.fIX pa3BHTH.fl H cpyHKHOHHpOBaHH.fl HCTOpH'feCKH onpe.n;eJieHHbIX COHaJibHbIX CHCTeM, HayKa 0 MexaHH3Max.n;ei1cTBH.fl H cpopMax npoHBJieHH.fl 3THX 3aKOHOB H 3aKOHOMepHOCTei1 B.n;e.HTeJibHOCTH JIH'fHOCTeH, COHaJibHbIX o6HOCTei1, KJiaccoB, Hapo.n;oB.

 

2

CO'lfUOJW ZU J!, u apyzue nayxu 06 o6utecmee

Mbr npoHCHHJIH B caMOM o6eM BH.n;e, 'fTO HayqaeT coHOJIOrHH. Ho,ZJ;JI.fl Toro, 'fT06bI paao6paTbC.fl B 3TOM 6oJiee KOHKpeTHO, He06XO,!J;HMO paccMO­ TpeTb B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHe COHOJIOrHH H CMe:>KHbIX c Hero HayK 06 o6e­

CTBe, COHaJibHOM, o6HOCT.fIX H HH,!l;HBH.n;ax. J1a.n;ecb, npem.n;e Bcero, He­

o6XO,!J;HMO COilOCTaBHTb COHOJIOrHIO H COHaJibHYIO cpHJIOCOcpHIO.

CoHoJiorHH, KaK H MHorHe.n;pyrHe HayKH, Bb 'fJieHHJiacb H3 cpHJio­ cocpHH. B Te"tfeHHe,ZJ;JIHTeJibHoro BpeMeHH coHOJIOrH'fecKoe 3HaHHe Ha­

KanJIHBaJIOCb B He.n;pax cpHJIOCOcpHH. J1.n;ame IlOCJie Toro, KaK COHOJIOrH.fl

B JIHe 0. KoHTa H 3.,D;ropKrei1Ma npoBoarJiaCHJia cBoro HeaaBHCHMOCTb OT cpHJIOCOcpHH B Ka"tfeCTBe IlO,ZJ;JIHHHOH HayKH 06 o6eCTBe, cpHJIOCOcpHH

npo.n;oJI:>KaJia HrpaTb 3aMeTHyro pOJib B COHOJIOrH'feCKHX H3bICKaHH.fIX. CoHOJIOrHIO «OTOB-OCHOBaTeJiei1» 0. KOHTa, r.CneHcepa, 3..,D;ropKrei1:­

Ma, M.. Be6epa ee oqeHb Tpy.n;Ho oT.n;eJIHTb OT coHaJibHOH cpHJiococpHH. BoJiee Toro, MO:>KHO c yBepeHHOCTblO CKa3aTb, 'fTO B eJIOM pH.n;e HCCJie.n;o­ BaHHH KJIIO"tfeBbIX npo6JieM o6eCTBeHHOH:IKH3HH TeopeTH"tfeCKa.fl COH­ OJIOrH.fl nepenJieTaeTC.fl c COHaJibHOH cpHJIOCOcpHeH.

fro me TaKoe coaJibHaH cpHJiococpHH? CoqHaJibHaa cpHJiococpHH npe.n;cTaBJI.fleT co6oi1: paa.n;eJI cpHJIOCOcpHH, IlOCBeHHbrn OCMbICJieHHIO Ka- qecTBeHHOI'O CBoeo6pa3JUI o6eCTBa B ero OTJIM'll1H OT npHpO,!l;bL 0Ha aHaJIH- 3HpyeT npo6JieMbI CMbICJia H eJIH ceCTBOBaHJUI o6ecTBa, ero reHe3HC, cy,Zl;b6y H nepcneKTHBbI, HanpaBJieHHOCTb,!l;BH:IK CHJI H ero pa3BHTH.fl. CJie.n;yeT OTMeTHTb, 'fTO 3TH BOilpOCbl B onpe.n;eJieHHOH CTeneHH MOryT CJiy­

:IKJITb npe.n;MeTOM TeopeTH'feCKHX pa3MbIIIIJieHHi1 H Tex, KTO npH'fHCJI.fleT ce-


6.R K npocpeCCHH COI.µiOJIOI'OB. Ho npH 3TOM CJie.zzyeT.RCHO OC03HaBaTh, '-ITO B 3TOM CJiyqae mm: BhICTyrraIOT He KaK COI.µiOJIOrn:-npocpeccHOHaJib1, HO, KaK H pyrn:e npecTaBJITeJIH cpaMeHTaJibHoi1: Hayirn, 3amiMa1011.µ1eC.R IID1p0- KHMH TeopeTWiecKHMH o6o6U1eHJ1.RMH, BTopralOTC.R B o6JiaCTb cpHJIOCocpHH H

Bb CTyrraIOT B MHHOM CJiyqae KaK npecTaBHTeJIH COI.µiaJlbHOH cpHJiococpmt.

y COQHaJibHOH cpHJIOCOcpHH H COQHOJIOrHH Ot:feHb urnpoKa.R o6JiaCTb COBnaeHH.R o6'beKTa H3yqeHH.R. l1x pa3JIH'fHe 6oJiee OTt:feTJIHBO npO.RBJl.fl­ eTC.fl B npeMeTe HCCJieOBaHH.R. 0 npeMeTe HCCJieOBaHH.fl COQHOJIOrHH peqh yme uIJia Bh llle. IpeMeTHOi1: me ccpepoi1: co1.µ1aJihHO-cpHJiococpcKHx pa3MbIIIIJieHHH.RBJI.ReTC.R HCCJieOBaHHe 06U1eCTBeHHOH mH3HH, npeme

BCero, c TO'fKH 3peHH.R pellleHH.R MHpOB033peH'feCKHX npo6JieM, QeHT­ paJibHOe MeCTO cpeHKOTOpbIX 3aHHMaIOT CMbICJIOmH3HeHHbie npo6JieMbl.

Ellie B 60Jib1IIei1: Mepe pa3JIH'fHe Mey COQHaJibHOi1: cpttJiococpttei1: H COQHOJIOrHeH o6HapymHBaeTC.R B MeToe HCCJieoBaHH.fl COQHaJibHOro. cI>ttJiococpH.R pe1IIaeT 06U1eCTBeHHb1e npo6JieMbI yMo3pHTeJibHO, pyKo­ BOCTBY.RCb onpeeJieHHbIMHYCTaHOBKaMH, KOTOpbie pa3BHBalOTC.R Ha OCHOBe QenH JIOrHt:feCKHX pa3MblllIJieHHH. COQHOJIOrH.R 3a.RBHJia 0 CBOei1: caMOCTO.RTeJibHOCTH no OTHOllleHHIO K cpHJIOCOcpHH HMeHHO noToMy, t:fTO oHa nocTaBHJia nepe co6oi1: 3aaqy pellleHH.R 06U1eCTBeHHh X npo6JieM Ha OCHOBe Hay'fHb X MeTOOB n03HaHH.fl eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH. lo MHeHHIO

«OTQOB-OCHOBaTeJieH» COQHOJIOrHH, 06U1eCTBeHHa.R mH3Hb OJimHa H3Y­

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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.03 ñåê.)