Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 9 страница

CB.fl3aHO co CTpeMJieHHeM JIH'iHOCTH K HOBOMy, nepe)J;OBOMy, IlOilbITKOH npeO)J;OJieTb KOHCepsaTHBHOe, MeIUaroI.Qee)J;BHraTbC.fl Bnepe)J;. K OTKJIO­

H.fllOI.QeMyC.fl noBe)J;eHHIO MoryT 6bITb OTHeceHbI pa3JIH'iHbie BH)J;bl Hayq­ HOro, TeXHH'ieCKOro Yi xy)J;O:IKeCTBeHHOro TBOp'ieCTBa.

Cotf ua.tLoua:;,·mpy'K my pa

o6utecmea

1/ IIo'H.Rmue COtfUll.ltu1wu cmpy xmy poi 0614ecmaa.

Mapxcucmcxoe y'l.eHue o 'IC.ltaccax xax ocHOBHOM aAe.MeHme COtfUll.ltbHou

cmpy xmy poi 0614ecmaa

2/ Teopu.si COtfUll.ltbHOU cmpamug:iuxatfUU u COtfUll.ltbHou Mo6UAoHocmu

3/ CotfUll.ltoHa.si cmpamug:iuxatfUR u COtfUll.ltbHaR Mo6UAoHocmo

a coapeMeHHOM poccuucxoM 0614ecmae

1

IIoH.simue COtfUll.ltoHOU cmpy1Cmy poi 0614ecmaa.

Mapxcucmcxoe y'l.eHue o 'IC.ltaccax xax ocHoBHOM aAe.MeHme COtfUll.ltbHOU

cmpy1Cmy poi 0614ecmaa

B npe,n;beM pa3,n;eJie pe'il> WJia 0 COI.µiaJibHOH CHCTeMe KaK COBOKynHO­ CTH COQHaJibHblX.RBJieHHH J1 npoQeCCOB, Haxo,n;.RHXC.R B OTHOWeHH.RX J1

CB.R3.RX Mem,n;y co6on H 06pa3yronx QeJIOCTHbrn col.µiaJibHbrn o6'beKT. OT­

,n;eJibHbie.RBJieHH.R J1 npoQeCCbl BbICTynaroT B Ka'ieCTBe 3JieMeHTOB CHCTeMbl. Col.µiaJibHa.R CTpyKTypa o6eCTBa eCTb "!aCTb COI.µiaJibHOH CHCTeMbI J1 o6'b­ e,n;HH.ReT B ce6e,n;ea KOMnoHeHTa: COIJ,Ha.Jlbllh e CBH3H J1COHaJibllbIHCOCTaB.

0COI.µiaJibHblX CB.R3.RX no,n;po6Ho roeopHJIOCb B TeMe 3.CoIJ,HaJJbllbIHCOCTaB

-3TO Ha6op 3JieMeHTOB, cocTaBJI.RIO col.µiaJibHylO CTPYKTYPY· CoIJ,HaJibHaH CTpyKrypa -3TO ycTOH'iHBa.R CB.R3b 3JieMeHTOB e co­

QHaJibHOH cncTeMe. OcHOBHbIMH 3JieMeHTaMH col.µiaJibHOH CTPYKTYPbI 06- ecTea.RBJI.RIOTC.R HH,lJ;HBH,lJ;bl,3aHHMalOHeonpeJieHHbie n03HI.µiH(CTa­ TYC) HBblilOJIH.RIOHe onpe,n;eJieHHbie COQHaJibHble cpYffKI.µiH (poJIH), o6'be­

,n;HHeHH.R 3THX HH,n;HBH,lJ;OB Ha OCHOBe HX CTaTyCHblX npH3HaKOB B rpynnbI,

COQHaJibHO-TeppHTOpHaJibH bie, 3THH'ieCKHe H HHbie o6HOCTH H T.,n;. Co­ QHaJibHa.R CTpyKTypa BbipamaeT o6'beKTHBHOe,n;eJieHHe o6eCTBa Ha 06­ HOCTH, KJiaCCbl, CJIOH, rpynnbl J1 T.,n;., yKa3bIBa.R Ha pa3JIH'iHOe nOJIO:>KeHHe JIIO,n;en no OTHOWeHHIO,n;pyr K,n;pyry no MHOrO'iHCJieHHblM KpHTepH.RM. Kam,n;bIH J13 3JieMeHTOB COQHaJibHOH CTpyKTypbl, B CBOIO O'iepe,n;b,.RBJI.ReT­

C.R CJIO:IKHOH COI.µiaJibHOH CHCTeMOH co CBOHMH no,n;CHCTeMaMH J1 CB.R3.RMH.

IIoH.RTHe COQHaJibHOH CTPYKTYPbI e o6ecTee o6bI'iHO ynoTpe6JI.R­ IOT B CJie,n;yro HX OCHOBHblX CMbICJiaX. B WHPOKOM CMb CJie COQHaJibHa.R

CTpyKTypa -3TO CTpOeHHe o6eCTBa B QeJIOM, CHCTeMa CB.R3eH Mem,n;y BCeMH ero OCHOBHbl MH 3JieMeHTaMH.IIpH TaKOM no,n;xo,n;e COQHaJibHa.R CTPYKTypa xapaKTepn3yeT see MHOrO'iHCJieHHbie BH,lJ;bI COQHaJibHbIX

o6HOCTeH J1 OTHOWeHH.R Mem,n;y HHMH.B Y3KOM CMb CJie TepMHH «COQH­

aJibHa.R CTPYKTypa o6ecTBa» qae ecero npHMeH.ReTC.R K COQHaJibHO­ KJiaccoebIM H COQHaJibHO-rpynnoebI M o6HOCT.RM. COQHaJibHa.R CTPYKTy­ pa B 3TOM CMbICJie -3TO COBOKynHOCTb B3aHMOCB.R3aHHblX J1 B3aHMO,n;eH­

CTBYIOHX,n;pyr c,n;pyroM KJiaccoe, COQHaJibHblX CJIOeB J1 rpynn.

B COIJ;U:OJIOrHU: cyiu;ecTByeT 60JibIIIOe MHOmecTBO KOHu;enu;u:ti cou;u:­ aJibHOH CTPYKTYPbI o6ru;ecTBa, u:cTopw-recKu: o,n;Hoti u:a nepBbIX RBJIReTcn MapKCHCTCKOe yqeHHe. B MapKCHCTCKOH COIJ;HOJIOrHU: Be,n;yru;ee MeCTO OTBO­

,D;HTCH coIJ;HaJibHO-KJiaccoBoti cTpyKType o6ru;ecTBa. CoIJ;HaJibHO-KJiaccoBaH CTpyKTypa o6ru;ecTBa, corJiacHo 3TOMY HanpaBJieHHIO, npe,n;cTaBJIHeT co6oti B3aU:MO,D;eHCTBHe Tpex OCHOBHblX 3JieMeHTOB: KJiaCCOB, o6ru;eCTBeHHbIX npo­ CJIOeK u: cou;u:aJibHbIX rpynn..H,n;poM cou;u:aJibHOH CTPYKTYPbI RBJIHIOTCH KJ1accb1.HaJiw-rne KJ1accoB B o6ru;ecTBe OTMeqaJIOCb B HayKe u:,n;o MapKca B HaqaJie XIX B. 3To noH.HTu:e IIIu:poKo u:cnoJib30BaJiu: cppaHu;yacKu:e u:cTopu:­

KH<l>. ru:ao, 0.Tbepu: u:aHrJIHHCKU:e u: cppaHIJ;y3CKU:e nOJil1T3KOHOMbl A. CMU:T

u:)J;. Pu:Kap,n;o. 0,D;HaKo Hau:6oJibIIIee paaBu:Tu:e yqeHHe o KJ1accax noJiyqu:Jio B MapKcu:aMe. K. MapKc u: <I>. 3HreJlbc o6ocHoBaJIH 3KOHOMH"l{ecIIBe npH"l{HHbI B03HHKHOBeHu:H KJiaccoB. 0Hu: YTBepm,n;aJiu:, "l{TO,n;eJieHu:e o6ru;ecTBa Ha KJ1accb1ecTb peayJibTaT o6ru;ecTBeHHoro paa,n;eJieHu:H Tpy,n;a u: cpopMu:poBa­

HHHqaCTHOC06CTBeH HH"l{eCKHX OTHOIIIeHHH.Ilpou;ecc o6pa30BaHHHKJiaCCOB npou:CXO,D;HJI,D;BYMHnYTHMH: nYTeM BbI,ZJ;eJieHHR B po,D;OBOH 06I.IJ;HHe 3KCilJiy­ aTaTOpCKOH BepXYIIIKH, KOTOpaH nepBOHaqaJibHO COCTOHJia U:3 po,D;OBOH 3Ha­

TH, u: nYTeM o6paru;eHHR B pa6cTBO BOeHHOnJieHHblX, a TaKme o6HHru;aBIIIHX conJieMeHHu:KOB, nona,n;aBIIIHX B,n;oJiroByro Ka6aJiy.

3TOT 3KOH0MH"l{eCKU:H no.zpco,n; K KJiaccaM 3acpHKCHpoBaH B 3HaMeHH­ TOM onpe,n;eJieHHH KJiaccoB, KOTopoe ccpopMyJiu:poBaJI B. U.Jleuuu B pa6oTe

«Be.ttwcuii nottutt», CTaBIIIetixpecTOMaTu:tl:Hoti B MapKCH3Me Ha npOTH)KeHHH 70 JieT. «K.rlaccaMH Ha3bIBaIOTCH 60JibIIIHe rpynnbI JUO,D;eti, pa3JIU:"l{aIOI.IJ;HeCH no HX MeCTY B HCTOpH"l{eCKU: onpe,n;eJieHHOH CU:CTeMe o6ru;eCTBeHHOro npou:a­ BO,D;CTBa' no HX OTHOIIIeHHIO (60JibIIIeHqacTbIO 3aKpenJieHHOMY u: ocpopMJieH­ HOMY B aaKOHax) K cpe,D;CTBaM npOH3BO,D;CTBa, no u:x pOJIU: B o6ru;eCTBeHHOH opraHH3au;IDi Tpy,n;a, a cJie,n;oBaTeJibHO, no cnoco6aM noJiyqeHu:H u: paaMepaM TOH,n;oJIH o6ru;ecTBeHHoro 6oraTcTBa, KOTopoti OHH pacnoJiaraIOT. K.naccb1- 3TO TaKu:e rpynm1JIIO,n;eti, U:3 KOTOpbIX O,D;Ha MO)KeT ce6e npu:cBaU:BaTb Tpy,n;

,n;pyroti, 6Jiaro,n;apH paaJiu:qu:ro u:x MecTa B onpe,n;eJieHHOM YKJia,n;e o6ru;ecT­ BeHHoro xoa.HticTBa» (Jleuuu B. U. Co1l. T.39. -C. 15). TaKHM o6paaoM, no Jle­ HHHy, rJiaBHbIH npH3HaK KJiacca -OTHOIIIeHHe K cpe,n;CTBaM npOH3BO,D;CTBa. 0THOIIIeHHH co6CTBeHHOCTH, OTHOIIIeHHHK cpe,n;CTBaM npOH3BO,D;CTBa (BJia­

,n;eHu:e U:JIH HeBJia,n;eHu:e) onpe,n;eJIHIOT poJib KJiaCCOB B o6ru;eCTBeHHOH ­ HU:aau;u:u: Tpy,n;a (ynpaBJIHIOI.IJ;He u: ynpaBJIHeMbie), B CHCTeMe BJiaCTU: (roc­ no,D;CTBYIOI.IJ;U:e u: no,n;qu:HeHHbi e), u:x 6JiarococToHHHe (6oraTbie u: 6e,n;Hbie). Bopb6a KJiaccoB CJiymu:T,D;BHmyiu;eti cu:Jioti o6ru;ecTBeHHoro paaBJITHH.

MapKCH3M,n;eJIHT KJ1accb1Ha ocHOBHbie u: HeocHOBHbie. OcHOBHL MU: KJiaccaMU: HBJIHIOTCH TaKu:e, "l{be cyru;eCTBOBaHu:e Henocpe,n;CTBeHHO BbITe­ KaeT U:3 rocno,n;CTByIOI.IJ;U:X B,n;aHHOH o6ru;eCTBeHH0-3KOHOMU:"l{eCKOH cpop­ Mau;u:u: 3KOHOMU:"l{eCKHX OTHOIIIeHHH, npem,n;e BCero, OTHOIIIeHU:H co6cTBeH­

HOCTH: pa6b1u: pa6oBJia,n;eJibIJ;bI,KpecTbHHe u: cpeo,n;aJibI,npoJieTapu:u: u:6yp­ myaau:H. HeocHOBHbie - 3TO ocTaTKH npemHu:x KJiaccoB B HOBOH o6ru;eCTBeHH0-3KOHOMH"l{eCKOH cpopMau;u:u: HJIH aapom,n;aroru;u:ec.H KJiaCCbI, KOTOpbie npu:,n;yT Ha CMeHy OCHOBHbIMu: COCTaBHT OCHOBY KJiaCCOBoro,n;eJie­ HHH B HOBOH cpopMau;u:u:.I!OMU:MO OCHOBHblX u: HeOCHOBHblX KJiaCCOB CTpyK­

TYPHbIM 3JieMeHTOM o6ru;ecTBa HBJIHIOTCH o6ru;ecTBeHHbie CJIOH (u:Jiu: npo­ cJiotl:Ku:). CoaJibHh e cJiou: -3TO npoMemYTO"l{Hbie u:Jiu: nepexo,n;Hb1e 06-

w;ecTBeHHbre rpynnbr, He HMerow;He HpKo BbrpameHHoro cnempHqecKoro OTHOIIIeHH.f! K cpe;:i;cTBaM npOH3BO)J;CTBa H, CJie)J;OBaTeJibHO, He 06Jia;:i;a10-

lll;He BceMH npHaHaKaMH KJiacca. CoHaJibHbre CJIOH MoryT 6brTb BHYTPH- 1 Jiaccoeh1MH ('LlaCTb KJiacca) " MemKJiaccoBb MH. K nepBbIM MOmHo OTHec­ TH KpynHyro, cpe;:J;HIOIO, MeJIKYJO, ropo;:J;CKYJO H ceJibCKYJO MOHOilOJIHCTH'Lle­

CKYIO H HeMOHOilOJIHCTH'ieCKYIO 6ypmya3HIO, npOMb IIIJieHHbIH H ceJibCKHH npoJieTapHaT, pa6oqy10 apHCTOKpaTHIO H T.;:i;. VlCTOpH'LleCKHM npHMepOM MemKJiaCCOBbIX CJIOeB.f!BJI.f!eTC.f! «TpeTbe COCJIOBHe», B nepHO)J; BbI3peBa­

HH.f! nepBbIX 6ypmyaaHbIX peBOJIIOHti: B EBpone -ropo;:i;cKoe Mem;aHCTBO, peMecJieHHH'LleCTBO. B coBpeMeHHOM o6w;ecTBe -HHTeJIJIHreHHH.B CBOIO

oqepe.zi;b, MemKJiaccoBbie sJieMeHTbI coBpeMeHHOti: CTPYKTYPbI MoryT HMeTb cBoe BHyrpeHHee 'LlJieHeHHe. TaK, HHTeJIJIHreHH no;:i;paa;:i;eJIHeTCH Ha npoJieTapcKyro, MeJIK06ypmyaaHy10 " 6ypmyaaHy10. TaKHM o6paaoM,

coHaJibHO-CJIOeBaH CTPYKTypa He BnOJIHe coBna;:i;aeT c KJiaccoBoti:. Mc­

nOJib30BaHHe IlOH.f!TH.f[ coaJibHOro CTpOH no MbICJIH MapKCHCTCKHX co­ OJIOroB, noaBOJIHeT KOHKpeTH3HpoBaTb coaJibHYJO CTPYKTYPY o6w;ecTBa, yKa3aTb Ha ee MHOroo6pa3He H)J;HHaMH3M.

HecMoTpH Ha To, '<ITO B ycJIOBHHX H;:i;eoJiorH"LiecKoro;:J;HKTaTa " npo­ BeTaHHH;:i;orMaTH3Ma B MapKCHCTCKOH COHOJIOrHH a6COJIIOTHOe roc­

IlO)J;CTBO HMeJIO JieHHHCKOe onpe;:i;eJieHHe KJiaCCOB, OCHOBaHHOe Ha cyry6o 3KOHOMH'LleCKOM no;:i;xo;:i;e' qacTb MapKCHCTCKHX COHOJIOroB OC03HaBaJia, '<ITO KJiaCCbI -3TO 6oJiee IIIHpoKoe o6paaoBaHHe. CJie;:i;oBaTeJibHO, KOH­ enHH coHaJibHO-KJiaccoBoti: CTPYKTYPbI o6w;ecTBa;:i;oJimHa BKJIJO'LlaTb

B ce6.H IlOJIHTH'LleCKHe,;:i;yxoBHbie H HHbie CB.f!3H H OTHOIIIeHH.f!. lpH 6oJiee IIIHpOKOM no;:i;xo;:i;e B HHTepnpeTa HH coHaJibHoti: CTPYKTYPbI o6w;ecTBa 3Ha'LlHTeJibHOe MeCTO OTBO)J;HTC.f! IlOH.f!THIO «COHaJibHbie HHTepeCbI».

l1HTepeCbl-3TO peaJibHbie mH3HeHHbie CTpeMJieHH.f! HH)J;HBH)J;OB, rpynn H HHbIX o6m;HOCTeti:, KOTOpbIMH OHH OC03HaHHO HJIH HeOC03HaHHO PYKO­ BO)J;CTBYIOTC.f! B CBOHX;:i;eti:CTBH.f!X H KOTOpbre o6ycJIOBJIHBalOT HX o6'beK­

THBHOe IlOJiomeHHe B COHaJibHOti: CHCTeMe. B COHaJibHbIX HHTepecax

HaXO)J;.f!T HaH6oJiee o6o6w;eHHOe BbipameHHe aKTyaJibHbie Il0Tpe6HOCTH npe;:i;cTaBHTeJieti: Tex HJIH HHbrx coHaJibHbrx o6w;HocTeti:. OcoaHaHHe HH­ TepecoB ocyw;ecTBJIHeTCH B xo;:i;e HenpepbIBHO npoHcxo;:i;Hw;ero B o6rue­ CTBe npoecca COHaJibHOro cpaBHeHHH, TO eCTb COilOCTaBJieHH.f!)KM3- HeHHOrO IlOJiomeHH.f!;:i;pyrHX COHaJibHbIX rpynn.,[(JI.fl IlOHHMaHH.f! KJiac­ COB cyw;eCTBeHHOe 3Ha'LleHHe HMeeT TepMHH «KOpeHHb e COQHaJibHbJe HHTepeChI», KOTOpbIH OTpamaeT HaJIH'LlHe y KpynHbIX COHaJibHbIX 06b­ e)J;HHeHHti:)KH3HeHHO BamHbIX COHaJibHb X HHTepeCOB, KOTOpbre onpe­

;:i;eJIHIOT ero cyw;ecTBOBaHHe H o6w;ecTBeHHOe noJiomeHHe. Ha ocHoBe Bcero Bb IIIeHaJiomeHHoro MomHo npe;:i;JiomHTb TaKoe onpe;:i;eJieHHe KJiaccoB: KJiaCCbl-3TO 60JibIIIHe COQHaJlbHb e rpynnhl,pa3JIH'laIOH­ ecH no HX pOJIH BO ecex ccpepax)KJf3Hep;eaTeJibHOCTH o6eCTBa, KOTO­ pb e cpopMHPYIOTCH H cpyHKQHOHHpyIOT Ha OCHOBe KOpeHHb X COQHaJib­ Hb X HHTepecoe. KJiaCCbI HMelOT o6w;He COHaJibHO-IlCHXOJIOrH'LleCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH, eHHOCTHbre opHeHTaHH, CBoti: «Ko;:i;eKC» noBe;:i;eHHH.

Kam;:i;aH coHaJibHaH o6w;HoCTb HBJIHeTcH cy6'beKTOM;:i;eHTeJibHO­ CTH H OTHOIIIeHHH. KJiaCCbl KaK COHaJibHO-IlOJIHTH'LleCKa.f! o6m;HOCTb

HMelOT 06w;y10));JI.fl Bcex CBOHX 'LlJieHOB nporpaMMY;:i;e.HTeJibHOCTH.:hy

CoL11-1a11bHaR crpyKT)lpa 06U1ecrna 81

nporpaMMy, COOTBeTCTBylOI.I.l;YlO KopeHHblM lilHTepecaM Toro lilJIJil lilHOro KJiacca, Bb1pa6aTbIBalOT ero HeoJiorH.

CoquaJILHbie CJIOH npH TaKOM noxo e npecTaBJIHlOT co6o:tl: co­ HaJibHbie o6m;HOCTlil, o6'belilH.fllOI.I.l;Jile JllOe:tl: Ha OCHOBe KaKJilX-TO qacT­

HblX lilHTepecoB.

2

Teopwi COtfU(l.//,b1WU cmpamu<fiu1<:atfUU u COtfU(l.//,b1WU.M.o6wiMwcmu

MapKClilCTCKOMY yqeHlillO o KJiaccax KaK OCHOBe coQHaJibHOH CTPYKTYPhl 06- m;ecTBa B HeMapKCJilCTCKOH 3anaHOH COlilOJIOflillil npOTlilBOCTOlilT TeOpHH COQHaJibHOii cTpaTmp11:KaQ11:11:. l1pecTaBHTeJIH 3TOH TeopHH YTBepm,n;aIDT, t:fTO nOHHTJile KJiacca, sepOHTHO, roTCH aHaJIJil3a COQHaJibHOH CTpyi<:Ty­ pbl npOUIJlblX o6m;eCTB, B TOM t:flilCJie Iii l lCTplilaJlbHOro KanHTaJIJilCTJilt:feC­ KOro o6m;ecTBa, HO B cospeMeHHOM nOCTlilff,!:{YCTplilaJibHOM o6m;eCTBe OHO He pa6oTaeT, nOTOMY t:fTO B 3TOM o6m;ecTBe Ha OCHOBe nrn:poKoro aKQHOHlilpOBa­ Hlil.fl, a TaIOKe BblKJilOt:feHJilH OCHOBHblX epmaTeJieH aKQHH lil3 ccpepbl ynpaB­ JieHlil.fl np01i13BOCTBOM Iii 3aMeHOH lilX HaeMHblMJil MeHemepaMH, OTHOllle­ Hlil.fl co6CTBeHHOCTJil OKa3aJIJi1Cb pa3Mb1Tbl,noTepHJIJil CBOlO onpeeJieHHOCTb. 1103TOMY noHHTlile «KJiacc» O.IDKHO 6bITb 3aMeHeHO nOHHTlileM «CTpaTa» (OT JiaTlilHCKOro stratum-CJIOH) lilJIJil nOHHTJileM COQHaJibHaH rpynna, a Ha CMe­ HY TeOplillil COQHaJlbHO-KJiaccosoro CTpOeHJil.fl o6m;ecTBa OJimHbInplilHTlil Te­ Oplillil COQHaJibHOH CTpaTHcpHKaQHlil.

TeopHH coHaJihHOH cTpaTHcpHKa "" 6a3HpyIDTCH Ha npecTaB­ JieHHH, t:fTO CTpaTa, COlilaJihHaH rpynna, npeCTaBJI.fleT co6o:tl: peaJib­ HylO, 3MnlilpHqecKlil cplilKClilpyeMylO o6m;HOCTb, 06'belilH.fllOI.I.l;YlO JllOeI1: Ha KaKlilX-TO o6m;Hx n03lillil.fIX JilJllil lilMelOI.I.l;lilX o6m;ee eJIO, KOTOpoe nplil­ BOlilT K KOHCTpyHpOBaHlillO aHHOH o6m;HOCTlil B COlilaJibHOH CTPYKType o6m;ecTBa Iii npOTlilBOnOCTaBJieHlillO pyrHM COlilaJibHblM o6m;HOCTHM.

B OCHOBe TeOplillil CTpaTlilcplilKa lillil JiemaT o6'belilHeHlil.fl JllOe:tl: B rpynnbI

Iii npOTJilBOnOcTaBJieHlile lilX pyrHM rpynnaM no CTaTyCHblM nplil3HaKaM: BJiaCTHbIM, lilMym;ecTBeHHbI M, npocpeCCJilOHaJibHbI M, o6pa3oBaTeJibHbl M Iii

T.. lplil 3TOM npeJiaralOTCH pa3Jililt:fHble KplilTeplillil CTpaTlilcpHKa lillil. 3anaHorepMaHCKJilH COJilOJIOr P..L(apeHOpcp npeJIOmlilJI B OCHOBy co­ lilaJibHOH CTpaTlilcplilKa lillil nOJIOmlilTb nOJIJilTJilt:feCKOe nOHHTJile «aBTOpH­

TeT»' KOTopoe' no ero MHeHJillO, Halil60Jiee TOt:fHO xapaKTepH3yeT OTHOllle­ Hlil.fl BJiaCTJil Iii 6opb6y Memy COlilaJibHblMlil rpynnaMlil 3a BJiaCTb. Ha oc­

HOBe 3Toro noHHTlilH P..L(apeHopcp eJIHT see cospeMeHHOe o6m;ecTBO Ha

ynpaBJIHlOI.I.l;lilX Iii ynpaBJIHeMh X. B csolO oqepeb, ynpaBJIHlOI.I.l;lilX eJIHT Ha Be norpynnh: ynpaBJI.fllOI.I.l;lilX co6CTBeHHlilKOB Iii ynpaBJI.fllOI.I.l;lilX He­

co6CTBeHHlilKOB- 6lOpOKpa TOB-MeHe mepos. YnpaBJIHeMaH rpynna TaKme pa3HOpOHa. B HeH MOmHO BbI eJililTb, no Kpa:tl:HeH Mepe, Be no­ rpynnbl: BblClIIYlO - «pa6oqyH) aplilCTOKpaTlillO» Iii Hlil3ll1Yl0, Hlil3KOKBa­ Jililcplil lilpOBaHHblX pa6o'fHX. Memy 3Tli1Mlil BYMH coHaJihHbIMlil rpyn­

naMH HaXOlilTCH npoMemyTOt:fHblH «HOBblH cpeHlilH KJiacc» -npoyKT aCClilMlilJI.fl Jillil pa6o'feH aplilCTOKpaTlillil Iii CJiymam;Hx c rocnoCTBYlOI.I.l;lilM KJiaCCOM -ynpaBJI.fllOI.I.l;lilMJil.

BJrn3KOH no KpHTepHHM K,Il;apeH,n;opcpy HBJIHeTCH TeopHH COQHaJib­ HOH CTpaTHtjlHKaQHH, npe,n;JiomeHHaH aMepuKaHCKHM COQHOJIOroM JI. Yop­ HepoM. JI. YopHep npoBeJI COQHOJioruqecKue HCCJie,n;oBaHHH B aMepuKaH­

CKHX ropo,n;ax MeTO,Zl;OM BKJlloqeHHoro Ha6J110,n;eHH.R HHa OCHOBe cy6'beKTHB­ HblX caMOOQeHOK JIIO,ZJ;eii OTHOCHTeJibHO HX COQHaJibHOH no3HQHH no qeTbipeM napaMeTpaM -,n;oxo,n;, npocpeccuoHaJibHbIH npecTum, o6pa3oBa­ HHe, 3THeCKa.R npHHa,n;JiemHOCTb -BbI,ZJ;eJIHJI B npaB.Rl.QHX COQHaJibHbIX rpynnax: BbICIIIYIO, BbICIIIYIO npoMemyToqHylO, cpe,n;HeBbl CIIIYIO, cpe,n;­ HenpoMemyToqHylO, npoMemyToqHO-BbI CIIIy10, npoMemyToqHo-npoMe­ myToqHy10. AMepHKaHCKHH coQHoJior B.Bap6ep npoBeJI cTpaTHtjlHKaQHIO

061.QeCTBa no IIIeCTH noKa3aTeJI.RM: 1) npeCTHm, npocpecCH.R, BJiaCTb HMO­

ryI.QeCTBo; 2),n;oxo,n; HJIH6oraTCTBo; 3) o6pa30BaHHe HJIH 3HaHHH; 4) peJIHrn- 03Ha.R HJIH puTyaJibHa.R qacToTa; 5) noJiomeHHe po,n;cTBeHHHKoB; 6) 3THHqe­ cKaH npHHa,n;JiemHOCTb. cf>paHQY3CKHii COQHOJior A Typ3H cquTaeT, qTo B

COBpeMeHHOM 061.QeCTBe COQHaJibHaH,n;HcpcpepeHQHaQH.R npoHCXO,ZJ;HT He no OTHOIIIeHHIO K co6CTBeHHOCTH, npeCTHmy, BJiaCTH, 3THocy, a IIO AOCTYJIY K

HH<f>opMa.focno,n;CTBYJOI.Qee noJiomeHHe 3aHHMalOT Te JllO,Zl;H, KOTOpbie HMelOT,n;ocTyn K HaH60JibllleMy KOJIHqecTBY HHcpOpMaQHH.

TeopHH COQHaJibHOH CTpaTHtjlHKaQHH, Bbl,n;BHra101.Qa.R Te HJIH HHbie KPHTepHH,n;eJieHH.R 061.QeCTBa Ha COQHaJibHbie CJIOH, rpynnbI, CJiymHT Me­ TO,Zl;OJIOrffqecKOH OCHOBOH,Zl;Jl.R cpopMHpOBaHH.R TeOpHH C01'HaJILHOH M0- 6HJILHOCTH, HJIH coQHaJibHoro nepe,n;BumeHHH.Co1'HaJILHaH M06HJILHOCTL

-3TO H3MeHeHHe HH,n;HBH,Zl;OM HJIH rpynnoii COQHaJibHOro CTaTyca, MeCTa,

3aHHMaeMoro B coQuaJibHoii cTpyKType 061.QeCTBa. TepMHH «COQHaJibHa.R M06HJibHOCTb» 6bIJI BBe,n;eH B coQHOJioru10 B 1927ro,n;y II. A CopoKHHbIM, KO­

Topb1i1: paccMaTpHBaJI COQHaJibHYIO M06HJibHOCTb KaK JIJ06oe H3MeHeHHe COQHaJibHOro noJiomeHHH, a HeTOJlbKO nepexo,n; JIHQ HceMeti H3 O,Zl;HOH COQH­

aJibHOH rpynnb1 B,n;pyry10. CornacHo B3rJI.R,n;aM II. A CopoKHHa, coiiuaJib­

Ha.R M06HJibHOCTb 03Ha qaeT nepeMeI.QeHHe no COQHaJibHOH JieCTHHQe B

,n;Byx HanpaBJieHHIDC: 1) BepTHKaJibHOM -,n;BHmeHHe BBepx H BHH3; 2) ro­

pH30HTaJlbHOM -nepe,n;BumeHHe Ha O,Zl;HOM H TOM me COQHaJibHOM ypOBHe. 0,n;HHM H3,Zl;HCKYCCHOHHbIX BOnpoCOB TeOpHH COQHaJibHOH M06HJib­

HOCTH.RBJI.ReTC.R Bonpoc 0 TOM, 03HaqaeT Jiff COQHaJibHYIO M06HJibHOCTb

nepexo,n; o,n;Horo HH,ll;HBH,n;a H3,n;aHHOH COQHaJibHOH rpynnbI B,n;pyry10 HJIH

me COQHaJibHOe nepeMeI.QeHHe B no,n;JIHHHOM CMbICJie npoHCXO,Zl;HT JIHlllb

TOr,n;a, KOr,n;a HOBbIH CTaTyc 3aKpenJI.ReTC.R 3a ceMbeii 3Toro HH,ll;HBH,n;a H, CJie,n;oBaTeJibHO, COQHaJibHa.R M06HJibHOCTb npOHCXO,Zl;HT Tor,n;a, Kor,n;a co­ QHaJibHblH CTaTyc MeH.ReTC.R y pa3JiffqHb X noKOJieHHH.cf>paHQY3CKHe co­

QHOJIOrH II. BepTy H P. Byp,n;oH yTBepm,n;aJIH, qTo coQuaJibHa.R M06HJib­

HOCTb 03HaqaeT nepexo,n; HH,n;HBH,Zl;OB H3 O,Zl;HOH COQHaJibHOH KaTeropHH B

,n;pyry10 Ha npOT.RmeHHH ero 6uorpacpuqecKOH HJIH npocpeCCHOHaJibHOH mH3HH, Ha OCHOBe cpaBHeHH.R ero no3HQHH c COQHaJibHbIM CTaTyCOM ero po,n;HTeJieii.TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3,n;ecb 3a ToqKy oTcqeTa 6epeTCH C01'HaJIL­ HOe npoucxmKl);eHHe. CJia6oCTb 3TOH n03HQHH COCTOHT B TOM, qTo OHa KaK 6b1 npe,n;noJiaraeT HeH3MeHHoe cocTo.RHHe 061.QeCTBa. Ho 061.QeCTBO,n;HHa­ MHqHo MeH.ReTC.R, H no3TOMY COQHaJibHbie CTaTyCbl pa3JIHqHblX nOKOJie­ HHH MoryT 6b1Tb HeconocTaBHMb.HymHbI TaKHe KpHTepHH, KOTOpb1e no3- BOJIHJIH 6b1yqHTbIBaTb H3MeHeHHe COQHaJibHoii CTPYKTypb1061.QeCTBa.

COl.ll'18nbHaR CTPYICTYP8 o6ecrea 83

Ilpo6JieMaM COI..V1aJibHOH M06HJibHOCTH IIOCB.fl aroTC.fl MHOrHe KOHKpeTHO-CO HOJiorw:iecKHe HCCJie,D;OBaHH.fl B pa3JIHqHbIX CTpaHax MHpa.,IlaHHbie 0 COHaJibHOH M06HJibHOCTH B KaKOH-TO Mepe II03BOJI.fl­

lOT cy,D;HTb 0 CTeneuu OTKphITOCTH o6m;ecTBa, ero,n;eMOKpaTHqHOCTH.

JllO,D;.fIM BamHO 3HaTb, HaCKOJibKO TO HJIH HHOe o6eCTBO rrpe,n;ocTaBJI.fl­ eT B03MO)KHOCTb,D;JI.fl rrpo,n;BHmeHH.fl HH,D;HBH,D;OB H IIOKOJieHHH H3 HH3-

IIIHX KaTeropm1B BbICIIrne, KaKHM rryTeM ¢opMHpyeTC.fl rrpaB.Ha.fl 3JIHTa o6eCTBa, B03MO)KH0 JIH rrpOHHKHOBeHHe B rrpaB.Hyro 3JIHTY

H3,n;pyrHx COHaJibHblX rpyrrrr.

3

Co1f UCIJtb1W.Jl. cmpamu<jju1W1fUJl. u C01f UCIJtb11.M.11to6u.nb11.ocmb a coape.11w11.11.o.11t poccuuc1w.11t o6Ufecmae

Borrpoc, IIOCTaBJieHHbIH,IlapeH,n;op¢oM B OTHOIIIeHHH COBpeMeHHoro 3a­ rra,n;Horo o6ecTBa, rrpaBoMepeH H,D;JI.fl CCCP, H,D;JI.fl cero,n;H.HIIIHei1 Poc­ CHH. B KaKOH Mepe Mbl MomeM rOBOpHTb 0 HaJIHqHH KJiaCCOB B 3IIOXY TaK

Ha3bIBaeMoro «COHaJIH3Ma» H cei:'.fqac, KaKHe KJiaCCbl cyeCTBOBaJIH HJIH cyecTByroT B Ha1IIei1: cTpaue? EcJIH rrpHMeHHTb JieHHHCKoe orrpe­

,n;eJieHHe KJiaCCOB, TO Mbl He CMOmeM 3a¢HKCHpOBaTb HH TaK Ha3bIBae­ MOro pa6oqero KJiacca, HH KpeCTb.fIHCTBa. B ycJIOBH.HX o6erocy,n;apcT­ BeHHOi1 co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJilO H OCHOBHbi e cpe,n;CTBa rrpOH3BO,D;CTBa OTCYTCTByeT KJiaCCOBO 06pa3yro HH npH3HaK. 3,n;ecb MOmHO roBOpHTb

JIHIIIb 0 pa3JIHqHbIX c¢epax 3aH.fITOCTH Jiro,n;ei1: pa6oTHHK npOMblIIIJieH­

HOCTH, pa6oTHHK arpapHoro ceKTopa, pa6oTHHK KYJibTYPbI, o6pa3oBa­ H:U.fl H T.,n;. B TO me BpeM.fl HeB03MOmHO OTpHaTb HaJIHqHe o6HX HHTe­

pecoB, pa3JIHqHe B COHaJibHOM IIOJIOmeHHH y pa3JIHqHbIX CJIOeB Hace­ JieHH.fl. l103TOMY MO)KHO corJiaCHTbC.fl c MHeHHeM Tex OTeqecTBeHHbl X COHOJIOrOB, KOTOpbie cqHTalOT, qTo nOH.fITHe KJiacca,D;JI.fl aHaJ H3a Ha­

IIIero o6eCTBa uenpHMeHHMO. B 3TOM o6eCTBe HeB03MomHo Bbr\'IJie­

HHTb TaKoi:1 KpynHbIH 3JieMeHT coHaJibHO:ti: CTPYKTYPbI. 3,n;ecb 6oJihIIIe pa6oTaeT nOH.fITHe, npe,n;JiomeHHOe CTOpOHHHKaMH TeOpHH COHaJibHOH CTpaTHlPHKa HH, -CTpaTa (CJIOH) HJIH COHaJibHa.fl rpyrrrra. 3TH rpyrr­ nbl MOryT 6bITb BblqJieHeHbl no pa3JIHqHblM KpHTepH.HM: no ypoBHID,n;o­ XO,D;OB, no MeCTY B CHCTeMe BJiaCTH, no po,n;y 3aH.fITHH H T.,n;.; B03M0)KH0

TaKme BbI,D;eJieHHe Tex HJIH HHbIX COHaJibHblX rpynrr no KaKHM-TO HH­ TerpaJibHbIM KpHTepH.HM.

IlonhITKY TaKoro CHHTeTHqecKoro no,n;xo,n;a npe,n;npHH.HJIH B

1987 -1989 rr.aKa,n;eMHK T. l1.3acJiaBcKa.H H npo¢eccop P. B. PbIBKHHa. OnHpa.HCb ua JieHHHCKoe orrpe,n;eJieHHe KJiaccoB, OHH Bb1,n;eJIHJIH cJie,n;yro­

He OCHOBHbie COHaJibHble rpynnbl COBeTCKOro o6eCTBa Toro nepHO­

,n;a: 1) BepTHKaJibHbie rpynnhI BJiaCTH, pa3JIHqaro Hec.H ee npHpo,n;oi1 (napTHHHa.fl, rocy,n;apCTBeHHa.fl, X03.fIHCTBeHHa.fl BJiaCTb), a TaKme o6'be­ MOM 3TOH BJiaCTH (rpynnbI BblCIIIero, cpe,n;Hero H HH3ll..Iero ypOBHeH B co­ OTBeTCTBYlO HX HepapXH.fIX yrrpaBJieHH.H); 2) rpyrrrrbl, CB.fl3aHHbie co

c¢epaMH H OTpaCJI.fIMH Hapo,n;Horo X03.fIHCTBa, a TaKme Be,[IOMCTBaMH, pa3JIHqaroHMHC.fl MOblO, npeCTHmeM H MaTepHaJibHOH 6a30H (HanpH­ Mep, BOeHHbie Be,D;OMCTBa H c¢epa KOMMyHaJibH0-6bITOBOro X03.fIHCTBa);

3) rpynnbI xoa.H:t:iCTBeHHbI X pyKoBo,n;HTeJie:t:i, paaJiwrnrom;Hec.H paHroM BJiacTH (pyKoBo,n;HTeJIH o6'be,n;HHeHH:t:i, npe,n;npH.HTH:t:i H no,n;paa,n;eJie­ HH:t:i); 4) rpynnbI HHTeJIJIHreHI.J;HH, pa3JIH'ialOIIJ;HeC.H npoqmJieM 3aH.HTOC­ TH (HanpHMep, MTP H TBopqecKHe pa6oTHHKH H,n;p.); 5) rpynnbI, aaH.HTbie B ccpepe ceMeHHOH 3KOHOMHKH H HH,ll;HBH,n;yaJibHO-Tpy,n;oBOH,n;e.HTeJibHO­ CTH; 6),n;eKJiaccHpoBaHHbie sJieMeHTbI (c.M.: P'bt61CU'lia P. B. Co'4UM'b'lia.si

cmpyKmy pa 0614ecmBa 1Ca1C pezy.Mtmop paaBumu.si 31CO'liO.MU1Cu/ / 31Co­ 'liO.MU1lecKa.si co'4uo.1wzu.si u nepecmpou?Ca. floa pea. T. 11. 3ac.1iaBc?Cou u

P. B. P'bt61CU'liou.- M., 1989.- C. 82-83).

TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha OCHOBe KOHKpeTHO-COI.J;HOJIOrH'i eCKHX HCCJie­

,n;oBaHHH H,n;aHHblX CTaTHCTHKH 6bIJIO ycTaHOBJieHO, 'iTO COBeTCKOe o6m;e­

CTBO no KOMnJieKCHOMY KPHTepHro, BKJiroqarom;eMy B ce6.H n.HTb noKa3a­ TeJie:t:i (ypoBeHb,n;oxo,n;oB, BJiaCTb, o6paaoBaHHe H,n;p.), CTPYKTYPHPOBaHo Ha weCTb rpynn.0,n;HaKo em;e B 80-x ro,n;ax paaJIH'iH.H Mem,n;y 3THMH rpyn­ naMH no ypoBHro,n;oxo,n;oB HOCHJIH He3Ha'iHTeJibHbIH xapaKTep. Pa3HHI.J;a Mem,n;y 6e,n;HblMH H 6oraTbIMH HMeJia 5-7-KpaTHOe BbipameHHe. 3a no­ CJie,n;HHe ro,n;b1npoHaowJia 6oJiee rJiy6oKa.H,n;HcpcpepeHI.J;HaI.J;H.H poccH:t:i­ CKoro o6m;ecTBa. Ce:t:iqac paaHHI.J;a B,n;oxo,n;ax Mem,n;y HaH6oJiee 6e,n;HbIMH H HaH6oJiee 6oraTbIMH rpynnaMH HaceJieHH.H,n;ocTHraeT 20 H 6oJiee paa. Ji1 3TO, no MHeHHID COI.J;HOJioroB,.HBJI.HeTc.H KPHTH'ieCKHM ypoBHeM,n;JI.H on­

pe,n;eJieHH.H COI.J;HaJibHOH Hanp.HmeHHOCTH.

IlonbITKY npoaHaJIH3HpOBaTb TeH,n;eHI.J;HIO pa3BHTH.H COI.J;HaJibHOH CTPYKTYPbI coBpeMeHHOro o6m;ecTBa npe,n;npHH.HJI A. B. J{.11tumpue6 (Co­ '4uo.1wzu'tec?Cue ucc.aeaoBa'liuR. - 1993. - M 9 ). Ilo ero MHeHHro, B I.J;eJIOM B

cTpaHe H,n;eT cBoeo6paaHa.H «,n;eKoMn03HI.J;H.H» COI.J;HaJibHO:t:i CTPYKTYPbI, KOTopo:t:i npHcym;e Bee 6oJibWee pacxom,n;eHHe xapaKTepa Tpy,n;a, paaMe­ poB,n;oxo,n;oB, ypoBH.H o6paaoBaHH.H H npecTHma. EcJIH paHbWe rJiaBeHCT­ BOBaJio npOTHBOpe'i He Mem,n;y Tpy,n;.HIIJ;HMHC.H H HOMeHKJiaTypo:t:i, 6e3- paa,n;eJibHO pacnop.HmaBwe:t:ic.H BJiaCTblO H co6CTBeHHOCTbID, TO HbIHe MO:>KHO Bbl,n;eJIHTb n.HTb KpynHblX COI.J;HaJibHbIX rpynn: 1) a,n;MHHHCTpa­ THBHa.H 3JIHTa (npaB.HIIJ;a.H 3JIHTa), COCTO.HIIJ;a.H H3 CTapo:t:i napTX03HOMeH­

KJiaTypbI nepBoro H BTOporo 3IlleJIOHOB, cpocwe:t:ic.H c HOBOH nOJIHTH'ieC­ KOH 3JIHTO:t:i; 2) pa60'iJ1H KJiacc, KOTOpb H,n;po6HTC.H Ha rpynnbIno OTpac­ JieBbIM, KBaJIHcpHKaI.J;HOHHbI M,,n;eMorpacpH'ieCKHM H HHblM npH3HaKaM;

3) HHTeJIJIHreHI.J;H.H, TaKme no,n;paa,n;eJI.HIDIIJ;a.HC.H Ha p.H,n; COI.J;HaJibHbIX

rpynn no pa3JIH'iHbIM napaMeTpaM; 4) «HOBa.H 6ypmya:JH.H» -npe,n;npH­ HHMaTeJIH, 6aHKHpbIH T.,n;.;5) KpeCTb.HHCTBO.

Ilpe,n;JiomeHHa.H A. B.z:i:MHTpHeBbIM COI.J;HaJibHa.H cTpaTHcpHKaI.J;H.H

COBpeMeHHOro pocCHHCKOro o6m;ecTBa onHpaeTC.H Ha npemHHe MapK­ CHCTCKHe npe,n;cTaBJieHH.H 0 KJiaccax, He Bbl.HBJI.HeT 6oJiee KOHKpeTHblX COI.J;HaJibHh X rpynn BHYTPH Tex HJIH HHb X KJiaccoB. HanpHMep, Bp.H,n; JIH ce:t:iqac MO:>KHO rOBOpHTb 0 KJiacce KpeCTb.HH, noCKOJibKY B ceJibCKOH Me­ CTHOCTH MO:>KHO 'ieTKO Bb,n;eJIHTb no Kpa:t:l:Hew Mepe,n;Be COI.J;HaJibHbi e rpynnbI KpeCTb.HHCTBa: coI.J;HaJIH3HpOBaHHOe (KOOnepHpOBaHHOe) Kpec­ Tb.HHCTBO H qacTHonpe,n;npHHHMaTeJibCKoe (cpepMepcKoe). CJie,n;yeT oT­ MeTHTb, 'iTO HCCJie,n;oBaHH.H no COI.J;HaJibHOH CTpaTHcpHKaI.J;HH poCCHHCKO­

ro o6m;ecTBa B HaCTO.Hm;ee BpeM.H KpawHe 3aTpy,n;HeHbl H3-3a 60JibillOH

,ll;HHaMHKH o6m;eCTBeHHbIX npoI.J;eCCOB.

Co'lf ua.n, b1-l blMo1-uij 11,wcmbl:

2eue3UC u MeX a1-lU3M ux pa3 pemeu uJi