|
|||||||
ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ |
Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 8 ñòðàíèöà»(113He,n;eRTeJlbHOCT11 "leJIOBeKa. 0,n;HaKO IlOJIHOCTblO a6cTpar11poBaTbCfl OT,n;ei1CTB11R aT11x cpaKTopoB HeBoaMomHo. O"IeB11,n;Ho, "ITO cyecTByIOT 60Jlblll11e pa3Jl11"111fl Mem,n;y»(113He,n;eRTeJlbHOCTblO pe6eHKa 11 B3pOCJIOrO "leJIOBeKa, "leJIOBeKa nepB06blTHOrO o6eCTBa 1160J1ee pa3B11TblX 11CTOp11- qecK11X 3IlOX. qT06bl 0Tpa311Tb KOHKpeTH0-11CTOp11"1eCK11e oco6eHHOCT11 pa3B11T11fl qeJIOBeKa Ha pa3Jl11"1HblX ypoBHRX ero 11H,Zl;11B11):zyaJlbHOro 1111C- TOpH"IeCKOro pa3BHTHH, HapH,n;y c IlOHHTHeM «HH,Zl;HBH,Zl;» HCTIOJib3Y!OT H IlOHHTHe «JIH'IHOCTb». ViH,ZJ;HBH,Zl; B,n;aHHOM CJiyqae paCCMaTj:>HBaeTCH KaK OTnpaBHOH MOMeHT,ZJ;JIH cpopMHpoBaHHH JIH"IHOCTH OT HCXO,Zl;HOro COCTOH HHH,Zl;JIH OHTO- H cpHJIOreHe3a qeJIOBeKa, JIH"IHOCTb -HTOr pa3BHTHH HH ,Zl;HBH,n;a, Ha1160Jiee IlOJIHOe BOilJIOlll;eHHe BCex qeJIOBe"leCKHX Ka"leCTB. JlH"IHOCTb HBJIHeTCH o6'beKTOM 113yqeHHH pH,n;a ryMaHHTapHbIX HayK, npem,n;e Bcero, cpHJIOCOcpHH, IlCHXOJIOrHH H COHOJIOrHH. ct>HJIOCO cpHH paCCMaTpHBaeT JIH"IHOCTb c TO"IKH 3peHHH ee IlOJiomeHHH B MHpe KaK cy6oeKTa,n;eHTeJibHOCTH, Il03HaHHH HTBOp"leCTBa. lcHXOJIOrHH H3Y qaeT JIH"IHOCTb B Ka"leCTBe ycTOH"IHBOH eJIOCTHOCTH nc11x11qecK11x npo eccoB, CBOHCTB H OTHOUieHHH: TeMnepaMeHTa, xapaKTepa, cnoco6HOC Tei1, BOJieBbIX Ka"leCTB HT.,n;. CooJiorH"lecKHi1 me no,n;xo,n; BbI,n;eJIHeT B JIH"IHOCTH coaJibHOTHTIH qecKoe. 0CHOBHaH npo6JieMaTJ1Ra COOJIOrn"leCKOH TeopHH JIH"IHOCTH CBH3a Ha c npoeCCOM cpopMHpOBaHHHJIH"IHOCTH Hpa3BHTHH ee Il0Tpe6HOCTei1: B He pa3pbIBHOH CBH3H c 4>YHK OHHpOBaHHeM Hpa3BHTHeM coaJibHbIX o6w;Ho CTei1, H3yqeHHeM 3aKOHOMepHOH CBH3H JIH"IHOCTH H o6w;ecTBa, JIH"IHOCTH H rpynnhI,peryJIHHH H caMoperyJIHHH COHaJibHOro IlOBe,n;eHHH JIH"IHOCTH. 3,n;ech ccpopMyJIHpoBaHbI HeKOTOpbre Ha1160Jiee o6w;He npIlbr no,n;xo,n;a K H3yqeHH!OJIH"IHOCTH B COOJIOrHH.0,n;HaKO COOJIOrHH co,n;epmwr: MHomecT BO TeopHJ1 JIH"IHOCTH, KOTOpbre OTJIH"la!OTCH,n;pyr OT,n;pyra Kap,n;HHaJibHbIMH MeTo,n;oJiornqecKHMH ycTaHOBKaMH.TeopHH JIH"IHOCTH KaK cy6'heKTa 11 060- eKTa,n;eHTeJibHOCTH H o6w;eHHH B MapKCHCTCKOH COOJIOrHH, poJieBaH TeO pHH JIH"IHOCTH q,RyJIM, P.)l;apeH,n;opcpa, P. MHHToHa, P. MeproHa 11,n;p. B MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH JIH"IHOCTH rJiaBHbIH aKeHT CMew;eH B CTO poHy B3aHMo,n;ei1CTBHH JIH"IHOCTH H o6w;ecTBa. JlH"IHOCTb, c TO"IKH 3peHHH 3TOro no,n;xo,n;a, paccMaTpHBaeTCH KaK eJIOCTHOCTb COHaJibHbIX Ka"!eCTB qeJIOBeKa, KaK Bbipama!OTCH aBTOpbI y"ie6HU'ICa «C01fUO.IW ZUJI.» nod pea. r.B. Ocunoea: «Onpe,n;eJieHHbIM o6pa30M peaJIH30BaHHaH B HH,Zl;HBH,n;e HH Terpa1:.U1H COHaJibHb X OTHOUieHHH,n;aHHOrO o6w;ecTBa», npo,n;yKT HCTOpH qecKoro pa3BHTHH, pe3yJibTaT BKJI!O"leHHH HH,Zl;HBH,n;a B COJ:.U1aJibH)'!O CHCTe MY nocpe,n;cTBOM aKTHBHOi1: npe,n;MeTHoi1:,n;eHTeJibHOCTH H o6m;eHHH.Ha pH cyHKe 2a. B,n;eTaJibHOM BH,n;e IlOKa3aHa CBH3b «06w;11e COJ:.U1aJibHbi e ycJIOBHH - JIH"IHOCTb KaK 06'beKT». 3Ta cxeMa,n;aHa B MOHOrpacpHH pocCHHCKOro co HOJIOra B. A. H<Joea «C01fUOJW ZU"ieCKue ucc.11,e<JoeanuR:.Memo<Jo.11,ozuR, npozpa.M.Ma,.MemodbL». 06w;ue coHaJibHbre ycJIOBHH, npem,n;e Bcero, npe,n;cTaBJieHbI 3KOHOMJ1"1eCKHMH OTHOUieHHHMH, OT KOTOpb X 3aBHCHT co HaJibHaH CTPYKTypa o6w;ecTBa, T. e. pa3,n;eJieH11e Ha KJiaCCb, coHaJibHaH ,n;ncpcpepeHHaHH, 3aKpeTIJieHHe o6w;ecTBeHHoro pa3,n;eJieHHH Tpy,n;a. Co HaJibHaH CTPYKTypa o6w;ecTBa - 3To OCHOBa coHaJibHbIX OTHOUieHHH. )l;aJiee,n;aHbI 11,n;eOJIOrH"leCKHe OTHOllleHHH KaK KOMilOHeHT 06w;11x coHaJibHhrx ycJIOBHH, a TaKme,n;yxoBHaH KYJihTypa aKKYMYJIHpyIDw;aH HCTOpH"leCKH CJIOmHBUIHeCH Tpa,n;H HH H o6br"laH,n;aHHOrO o6w;ecTBa. CoHaJibHaH CTPYKTypa H o6w;ecTBeHHoe pa3,n;eJieH11e Tpy,n;a, no MHe HH!O MapKCHCTCKOH COHOJIOrHH, HBJIHeTCR rJiaBHbIM 3JieMeHTOM 06y CJIOBJIHBa!Olll;HM BCe COHaJibHbie OTHOUieHHH H OTHOUieHHH B,n;yxOBHOH ccpepe, 1160 OHM onpe,n;eJIH!OT cneHcpHKY HHTepecoB pa3JIH"IHbIX KJiac COB H COHaJibHbIX CJIOeB o6w;ecTBa. fll-IYHOCTb B 06Ll.\eCTBeHHblX OTHOWeHl-ISIX 71
ITM
06'heKTHBHble co11:11aJibHb1e cPYHKI.IHH, rrpe.z:1- IIHCaHHH, 3a,l:laHHble COI.IH- aJibHhlM IIOJiomeHHeM
Boapacm: cmaawi JICU3HeHHOZO '4UK.lla
Co11:11aJibHoe rroJiomeHHe HH.z:IHBH.z:la: rrpHHa.z:1JiemHOCTb K co11:11aJibHOH rpyrrrre H ero MeCTO B CHCTeMe co11:11aJibHblX II03HI.1HH Ho6ecTBeHHhlX CBH3eH
BJIHmaii:!llee co11:11aJibHOe oRpymeHHe
Xapaicmep, coaep:HCauue u yc.1toeuR. m pyaa _J L
YCJtoeue 6b1ma icaic ycJtOeue JICUatteuuou cpe8b1 MnKpocpea: cne(\n<j>uqecKne COJ:\HaJI&B&Ie ycnoonB
CollJfaJibHh!e HHCTHTYThl 1 -- I
paaae.11euue mpyaa
C0'4Ua.l!b1tble u uaeo.1tozu•iecicue omuomeuUR., 8yxoeuaR. icy.1tbmypa, mpaau'4uu, upaeb1, o6b1'Ulu
TIpOH3BO,l:ICTBeHHble OTHOllleHHH (OTHO!lleHHH B 3KOHOMH'leCKOH ccflepe)
MaKpocpe a: o6ue co(\HaJJ&BLie ycnoonB Puc. 2a. Jlu'luocmb icaic o6t.eicm C0'4UaAbttblX omuomeuuu
BamHh M KOMilOHeHOM MaKpocpe,n;hIRBJIRIOTCR COQHaJihHh e HH CTHTYTh, KOTOph e CBR3aHhlH c COQHaJihHOH CTPYKTypot:l:, H c u,n;eOJIOrH qecKHMH OTHOIUeHHRMH. 06ne COQHaJihHh e ycJIOBHR onpe,n;eJIRlOT cneQncpuqecKne co QHaJihHh e ycJIOBHR mnaHH JI10,n;ei1:. K nocJie,n;HnM OTHOCRTCR, npem,n;e Bcero, COQHaJihHOe noJiomeHHe HH,D;HBH,D;OB, T. e. npnHa,n;JiemHOCTh K on pe,n;eJieHHOH COQHaJihHOH rpynne H MeCTO B CHCTeMe COQHaJihHh X Il03H QHH. CoQMaJihHOe noJiomHMe HH,D;HBH,D;OB npRMO CBR3aHo c xapaKTepoM H co,n;epmaHHeM Tpy,n;a H ycJIOBHRMH ero mH3HH, c ero IlOJIOM, B03pac TOM, 3THH'ieCKOH H peJIHfH03HOH npHHa,n;JiemHOCThlO, ceMeHHh M IlOJIO meHHeM H IlOJiomeHHeM B CHCTeMe ynpaBJieHHR o6eCTBeHHh MH npo QeccaMH. Ero COQHaJihHOe noJiomeHHe qepea ycJIOBHR Tpy,n;a H 6h1Ta BKJilO'iaeT H ero 6JIHmai1:IUee COQHaJihHOe OKpymeHHe - COQHaJihHh e CBR3H, B KOTOpb X qeJIOBeK «o6yqaeTCR» poJieBOMy IlOBe,n;eHHlO. TaKHM o6paaoM, CHCTeMa «JIH'iHOCTh KaK o6'heKT» npe,n;cTaeT B Ka qecTBe onpe,n;eJieHHOH CHCTeMhlHay'iHh X IlOHRTHH, OTpamalO HX HeKO TOph e cyeCTBeHHh e CBOHCTBa HOpMaTHBHh X Tpe6oBaHHH, npe,n;'hRB JIReMh X COQHaJihHh MH o6HOCTRMH HX 'iJieHaM Jiu11.uocm'b
OcBoeim:e (HIITeprrpeTal.IWI) COcy!aJ!bHbIX rrpe,!l;IIHCamrn (pOJieH) HHa 3TOH OCHOBe TBOpqeCKoe npeo6pa30BaHHe,lleHCTBltTeJibHOCTH, BKJnoqa.11BnepoJieBoe n0Be,11eim:e
Momuabl U36upameJtbnozo aeameJtbno - npe8.Memnozo omnouienusi ic oicpy:»ea'IOUfCMY .MUpy, COl.j.UCIJlbH.Oii. 8eii.Cm6UffleJlb1i.OCfflU Cucme.Ma npe8pacno1W:HCe1tuii. (8ucno3Utj.Uii.)1C oocnpusimu10 iJeii.cmaume.Jtb1i.OCmU onpe8eJIC1i.- 1i.bl.ilt o6pa30.M u zomoanocmu aeii.cmoooomb npa6.1U?1i.1i.O, ttmo o6yCJW8./le1W npoutJ!bl.M DnblfflO.M (tj.C1i.1i.OCffl7iblC opuenmatj.UU u C01.j.Ul1Jlbnbie ycma1i.011icu
.llHHaMWieCKaJI CHCTeMaIlO'l'pe6HOCTeH, o6a.II HanpaBJieHIIOCTb HHTepecoB, CB.II3aHl!a.II c o6u1ecTBeHHbIMnOJiomeim:eM HCOcy!aJlbHbIM OKpymeim:eM JIWIHOCTH
IIcuxoifiu3u '1£ecicue ceoii.cmaa unaueuaa _l L
06u+ue u Cnetj.wjiuttecicue C01.j.Ul1Jlb7i.bte yc.1toau:i, m. e. .Ma?Cpo u.Muicpocpeaa YC.JtOllUii.:HCU31i.U
Puc. 26. Jluttnocmb ica?C cy6?.e?Cm C01.j.Ul1Jlb7i.blX omn0W£1Luii.
BoJiblllOe 3Ha'ieHHe B MapKCHCTCKOH coHOJiorHH rrp11,n;aeTC.R HC CJie,n;oBaHHIO cy6'beKTHBHblX CBOHCTB JIH'iHOCTH, cpopMHpyroHXC.R B rrpoeccax rrpe,n;MeTHO:i1,n;e.RTeJibHOCTH 11 BblpamaroHxc.R B orrpe,n;e JieHHbIX CBOHCTBaX C03HaHH.R, B pa3H006pa3HblX TBOpqeCKHX rrpo.RBJie HH.RX, BKJIIO'ia.R aKTHBHOe cpopMHpOBaHHe HOBblX o6eCTBeHHO Heo6xo ,ll;HMblX cpyHKH:i1 11 o6pa30B rroBe,n;eHH.R. Ha p11cyHKe 26. pa3BepHyTo co,n;epmaHHe c11cTeMb1 «JIH'iHOCTb KaK cy6'beKT». Co11aJibHb1e ycJIOBH.R (o6He H crreHcpH'ieCKHe) CKa3bIBalOTC.R Ha HHTepecax HH,ll;HBH,n;a. qe pe3 COHaJibHblH HHTepec ocyeCTBJI.ReTC.R o6paTHa.R CB.R3b -OT cy6'b eKTa K ero COHaJibHOMY IIOBe,n;eHHIO, T.e. JIIO,Zl;H,n;e:i1CTBYIOT, rrpecJie,n;y.R orrpe,n;eJieHHbi e COHaJibHO o6ycJIOBJieHHbie HHTepeCbl. lpH 3TOM Ha oc HOBe,ll;HHaMH'ieCKOH CHCTeMbl IIOTpe6HOCTe:i1 H rrpe,n;IlleCTBYIOero OIIbITa cy6'beKT cpopMHpyeT orrpe,n;eJieHHbie H OTHOCHTeJibHO ycTOH'iH Bbie rrpe,n;rrO'iTeHH.R (,n;HCII03HHH) K BOCIIpH.RTHIO H crroco6y,n;e:i1CTBHH B pa3JIH'iHbIX KOHKpeTHbIX CHTyaH.RX. <PopMHpOBaHHe HOBb X IIOTpe6Ho CTe:i1, HHTepecoB H,ll;HCII03HHH CTHMYJIHpyeT TBopqecKoe, HeCTepeo THIIHOe IIOBe,n;eHHe, Bb XO,n; 3a paMKH mecTKHX poJieBbIX rrpe,n;rrHCaHHH, B03M0'1<HblH JIHillb rrpH ycJIOBHH pa3BHTOro caMOC03HaHH.R. ni-iHOCTb B 0611.!eCTBeHHblX OTHOWeHHRX 73 Jllf'iHOCTb KaK cy6'beKT COQlfaJibHbIX OTHOllleHllH, npeme Bcero, xapaKTepuayeTC.R aBTOHOMHOCTblO, onpeeJieHHOH CTeneHblO He3aBllClf MOCTlf OT 061.QeCTBa, cnoco6HOH npOTllBOilOCTaBllTb ce6.R 061.QeCTBy. Jluq Ha.R He3aBllCllMOCTb conp.RmeHa c yMeHlfeM BJiaCTBOBaTb Ha co6oti, a 3TO, B CBOIO oqepeb, npeoJiaraeT HaJilf'ilfe y Jllf'iHOCTlf caMOC03HaHlf.R, T. e. He npOCTO C03HaHlf.R, MblllIJieHlf.fl If BOJill, a cnoco6HOCTb K caMoaHa Jllf3y, caMOOQeHKe, caMOKOHTpOJIIO. CaMocoaHaHue Jilf'iHOCTlf TpaHccpopMupyeTc.R B muaHeHHyro no- 311Qlfl0. /KuaHeHHa.R noauQH.R npecTaBJI.ReT co6oti np11HQ11n noBee Hlf.R, OCHOBaHHbIH Ha MllpOB033peH'ieCKllX ycTaHOBKax, COQlfaJibHblX QeHHOCT.RX, lfeaJiax If HOpMaX Jllf'iHOCTlf, roTOBHOCTlf K eHCTBlflO. 3Ha'ieHue M11pOB033peHqecKll X If QeHHOCTHO-HOpMaTll BHblX cpaKTOpOB B mlf3Hlf Jllf'iHOCTlf pa3'b.RCH.ReT lfCil0311U:lfOHHaH (OT JiaT. dispositio pacnoJiomeHue) Teopun caMoperyJian;1111 con:uaJILHoro noeeeHHH JllfqffoCTlf. 3a'ilfHaTeJI.RMlf 3TOH Teop11116bIJilf aMepuKaHC:Klfe COQllOJIO ru T. 3HaHeQKHH 11 q. ToMac, B coBeTcKoti COQllOJior1111 STY Teopuro aK TlfBHO paapa6aTblBaJI B. A..HoB.,.U11cnoa11Q110HHa.R Teopu.R noaBOJI.ReT ycTaHOBllTb CB.fl31f Memy COQllOJIOrlf'ieCKllM If COQlfaJibHO-Il CllXOJIOrlf qecKllM noBeeHueM Jilf'iHOCTlf. JJ;11cno311n;11a J111qHocT11 oaHaqaeT npepacnoJiomeHHOCTb Jllf'iHOCTlf K onpeeJieHHOMY BOcnpll.RTlflO yc JIOBllH e.RTeJibHOCTlf If K onpeeJieHHOMY noBeeHlflO B 3TllX ycJIOBlf.RX. ,.U11cnoa11Q1111 eJI.RT Ha Bb1Clll11e 11 Hlf3llllfe. Bb1cll111e peryJiupyroT 06- 1.Qyro HanpaBJieHHOCTb noBeeHlf.R. 0Hlf BKJIIO'ialOT B ce6.R: 1) KOHQen QlflO mlf3Hlf If QeHHOCTHbi e opueHTaQHH; 2) 06061.QeHHbie COQlfaJibHbi e ycTaHOBKlf Ha Tlfillf'iHbie COQlfaJibHbie o6'beKTbl If CHTyaQHH; 3) CHTya TlfBHbie COQlfaJibHbie ycTaHOBKlf KaK npepacnoJiomeHHOCTb K Bocnpu .RTlllO If noBeeHlflO B aHHblX KOHKpeTHblX ycJIOBlf.RX, B aHHOH npe MeTHOH 11 coQuaJibHOH cpee. H113rn11e - noBeeHue B onpe eJieHHb X ccpepax e.RTeJibHOCTlf, HanpaBJieHHOCTlf IlOCTYilKOB B Tlfillf'iHbIX Clf TyaQlf.RX. Bb1crn11e Jilf'iHOCTHbie 11cnoa11Q1111, 6yyq11 npoyKTOM 06- 1.QHX COQlfaJibHblX ycJIOBllH If OTBe'ia.R Ha1160Jiee BamHblM Il0Tpe6HOC T.RM Jllf'iHOCTlf, noTpe6HOCT.RM rapMOHlflf c 061.QeCTBOM, aKTllBHO B03- eHCTBYIOT Ha Hlf3llllfe lfCil0311Qlflf.
2 Po.aeabie meopuu AU'l{'H.Ocmu. Coua.n.bHbLU cmamyc 3Ha'iuTeJibHOe MeCTO B COQllOJIOrlflf Jllf'iHOCTlf 3aHHMaeT poJieeaa Teo pua J111qHocT11.OcHOBHbie noJiomeHu.R STOH Teop11116b1JI11 ccpopMyJiupo BaHbIaMepuKaHCKll Mlf COQllOJioraMlf,.Um.MuOM 11 P. MuHTOHOM, aKTllB HO paapa6aTbIBaJI11cb P. MepTOHOM 11 T. lapcoHcoM, a TaKme aanaHo repMaHCKHM coQHOJioroM P.,.UapeHopcpoM. KaKOBbI me ocHOBHbi e IlOJiomeHlf.R 3TOH Teop1111? PoJieBa.R Teopu.R Jilf'iHOCTlf on11cb1BaeT ee coQuaJibHoe noBeeHue BYM.R OCHOBHblMlf IlOH.RTlf.RMlf: «COQlfaJibHblH CTaTyC» If «COQlfaJibHa.R pOJib». Paa6epeM, 'iTO oaHa'iaroT 3Tlf noH.RTlf.R. Kam1:t:i qeJIOBeK B COQH aJibHOH cucTeMe aaHuMaeT HecKOJlbKO noauQHH.Kama.R 113 sTux noa11Q11ti, npenoJiara101.Qa.R onpeeJieHHbie npaBa 1106.RaaHHOCTH, Ha3b BaeTc.R cTa- TYCOM. qeJIOBeK MO:>KeT HMeTb HeCKOJibKO CTaTyCOB. Ho 'iaI..Qe Bcero TOJibKO OHH onpeeJI.ReT ero IlOJIO:>KeHHe B o6I..QeCTBe. 8TOT CTaTyc Ha3bIBaeTC.R rJiaBHbIM, HJIH HHTerpaJibHbIM. qaCTO 6bIBaeT TaK, 'ITO rJiaBHbIM, HJIH HHTe rpaJibHbIH, CTaTyc o6ycJIOBJieH ero OJI:IKHOCTblO (HanpHMep, HpeKTOp, npocpeccop).COQHaJibHblH CTaTye OTpamaeTC.R KaK BO BHellIHeMIlOBeeHHH H o6JIHKe (oeme, maproHe H HHbIX 3HaKax COQHaJibHOH H npocpeccHO HaJibHOH npHHae:iKHOCTH), TaK HBO BffYTpeHHe:i1Il03HH (B ycTaHOBKax, QeHHOCTHbIX opHeHTaQH.Rx, MOTHBaQH.RX H T..). CoQHOJiorH OTJIH'ialOT npeTIHCaHHble H npHo6peTeHHbie CTaTyCbl. Ilpeµ;nHcaHHblH -3TO, 3Ha 'iHT' HaB.R3aHHblH o6I..QeCTBOM BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCHJIHH H3aCJiyr JIH'IHO CTH. OH o6ycJIOBJIHBaeTc.R 3THH'ieCKHM npoHcxomeHHeM, MeCTOM pome HH.R, ceMbeH H T.. IlpHo6peTCIIllbDf (OCTHrHYTbIH) CTaTyc onpeeJI.ReTC.R ycHJIH.RMH caMoro qeJioBeKa (HanpHMep, nHcaTeJib, reHepaJibHb H ceKpe Tapb, peKTop H T•.z+). Bbl,!l;eJI.RIOTC.R TaKme ecTeCTBeHHbrn H npocpeccHo HaJibHO-OJI:IKHOCTHOH cTaTyCbI. EcTecTeeuu&m cTaTyc JIH'iHOCTH npeno JiaraeT cyI..QeCTBeHHble H OTHOCHTeJibHO ycTOH'iHBbie xa paKTepHCTHKH qe JIOBeKa (MY:IK'iHHbl H meHI..QHHbl, eTCTBO, IOHOCTb, 3peJIOCTb, CTapOCTb H T. .). IlpocpeccnoHaJibHO-µ;omKHOCTHOH -3TO 6a3HCHblM CTaTyc JIH'iHOCTH, JI.R B3pOCJIOro qeJIOBeI a. 'iaI..Qe BCero,.RBJI.RIOI..QHHC.R OCHOBOH HHTerpaJib HOI'O CTaTyca. B HeM cpHKCHpyeTC.R COQHaJibHOe, 3KOHOMH'ieCKOe H npOH3- BOCTBeHHO-TeXHH'i eCKOe IlOJIO:IKeHHe (6aHKHp, HH:>KeHep, aOKaT HT..). COQHaJibHbIM CTaTyc o6o3HaqaeT KOHKpeTHOL MeCTO, KOTOpoe 3a HHMaeT HHHBH B aHHOH COQHaJibHOM CHCTeMe. COBOKYTIHOCTb Tpe6oBa HHH, npe'b.RBJI.ReMbIX HHHBHY o6I..QeCTBOM, 06pa3yeT coepmaHHe co QHaJibHOH poJIH. CoHaJI&Ha.R pOJib -3TO COBOKYTIHOCTb eHCTBHH, KOTO pble OJI:IKeH BbITIOJIHHTb qeJIOBeK, 3aHHMalOI..QHH aHHbIM CTaTyc B coQHaJibHOH cHcTeMe. Kamb H cTaTyc o6bI'iHO BKJI10qaeT p.R poJie:i1.Co BoKynHoCTb poJieH, BbITeKalOI..QHX H3 aHHOro CTaTyca, Ha3bIBaeTC.R poJie BbIM Ha6opoM. MapKCHCTCKa.R COQHOJiorH.R Ka'ieCTBeHHO pa3JIH'iaeT uu CTHTyuaJIH3Hpoeauu&1e H KOHBCHHOHaJibllblC (no corJiarneHHIO) pOJIH. IIepBbie.RBJI.RIOTC.R BeyI..QHMH, TaK KaK BbITeKalOT H3 coQHaJibHOH CTPYK TYPbI o6I..QeCTBa, a BTOpbie B03HHKalOT OTHOCHTeJibHO npoH3BOJibHO B rpynnOBbIX B3aHMOeHCTBH.RX H npenoJiaralOT cy6'beKTHBHYIO OKpacKy. OHa H3 nepBbIX nonb TOK CHCTeMaTH3aQHH poJie:i1 6b1Jia npe npHH.RTa T. lapcoHcoM. OH cmTaJI, 'iTO JIID6a.R pOJib onHCbIBaeTC.R TI.RTblO OCHOBHblMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH: 1) 3MOQHOHaJibHOH -OHH pOJIH Tpe- 6y10T 3MOQHOHaJibHOH cepmaHHOCTH, pyrHe -paCKOBaHHOCTH; 2) cno co6oM IlOJiy'ieHH.R - OHH npeTIHCb BalOTC.R, pyrHe 3aBOeBb BalOTC.R; 3) MacrnTa6oM - qacTb poJie:i1 ccpopMyJIHpoBaHa H cTporo orpaHH'ieHa, pyra.R -pa3MbITa; 4) cpopMaJIH3aQHe:i1 e:i1cTBHe B cTporo ycTaHOB JieHHbIX npaBHJiax JIH60 npOH3BOJibHO; 5) MOTHBaQHeH - Ha JIH'iHYIO npH6bIJib, Ha o6I..Qee 6Jiaro H T.·JI106a.R pOJib xapaKTepH3yeTC.R HeKOTO pbIM Ha6opoM 3THX Il.RTH CBOHCTB. CoQHaJibHYIO poJib cJieyeT paccMaTpHBaTb B Byx acneKTax: po Jieeoro omuµ;aHH.R H poJieeoro ucnoJIHCHH.R. Memy 3THMH BYM.R ac neKTaMH HHKOra He 6bIBaeT IlOJIHOro COBnaeHH.R. Ho Ka:iKb H H3 HHX HMeeT 60JibllIOe 3HaqeHHe:Q noBeeHHH JIH'iHOCTH. HarnH pOJIH onpee JI.RIOTC.R npeme BCero TeM, qero O:IKHalOT OT Hae pyrHe. 8TH O:IKHaHH.R n1-tHOCTb B 06t1.1eCTB0HHblX OTHOW0Hl'IRX 75 accoHHPYIOTC.fI co CTaTycoM, KOTOpbIH HMeeT aHHa.R JIH'IHOCTb. ECJIH KTO-TO He HrpaeT pOJIH s COOTSeTCTSHH c HalUHM O»CHaHHeM, TO OH SCTy naeT s onpeeJieHHbIH 1<0HcpJIHKT c o6rn;ecTsOM. HanpHMep, poHTeJib OJI»CeH 3a60THTbC.fI 0 eT.RX, 6JIH3KHH pyr OJI»eeH 6bITb HepasHoy meH K HalUHM npo6JieMaM H T.. PoJieBLie Tpe6oeaHHH (npenHcaHH.R, noJio»eeHH.fI H omHaHH.fI COOTSeTCTsyrorn;ero noseeHH.R) sonJiorn;aroTC.fI s KOHKpeTHbIX COHaJib HbIX HOpMax, crpynnHposaHHbIX SOKpyr coaJibHOrO CTaTyca. B HOpMaTHsHoti CTPYKTYPe coaJibHOH poJIH o6bl'IHO SbeJI.RIOTC.R <IeTbrpe aJieMeHTa: 1) orrncaHHe THna noseeHH.R, cooTseTcTsyrorn;ero aH HOH poJIH; 2) npeHcaHH.fI (Tpe6osaHH.R), cs.R3aHHbre c aHHbrM noseeHH eM; 3) oeHKa SbffiOJIHeHH.R npeHCaHHOH pOJIH; 4) caHKH.fI-COHaJibHbie nocJieCTSH.fI Toro HJIH HHOro eticTSH.fI s paMKax Tpe6osaHHH coaJibHOH cHcTeMbI.CoaJibHbie caHKHno csoeMy xapaKTepy MOryT 6bITb MopaJib HbIMH, peaJIH3yeMbIMH HenocpeCTSeHHO COHaJibHOH rpynnoti qepe3 ee noseeHHe (HanpHMep, npe3peHHe), HJIH ropecKHMH, noJIHTH<IecKHMH, 3KOJIOrn'leCKHMH H T... peaJIH3yeMbIMH qepe3 eRTeJibHOCTb KOHKpeTHbIX coaJibHbIX HHCTHTYTOS. CMbICJI coaJibHbIX caHHCOCTOHT s TOM, 'IT0- 6bI no6yTb <IeJioseKa K onpeeJieHHOMY THny noseeHH.R. OHH.RSJI.RIOTC.R oHM H3 samHetiWHX aJieMeHTos coaJibHOro peryJIHposaHH.R. CJieyeT OTMeTHTb, <ITO Jiro6a.R poJib He.RSJI.ReTc.R 'IHCTOH MOe Jibro noseeHH.fI. fJiaSHbIM CS.R3YIOID;HM 3SeHOM Memy poJieSbIMH O»CH aHH.fIMH HpoJieSbIM noseeHHeM CJIY»CHT xapaKTep HHHSHa. 3To 3Ha 'IHT, 'ITO noseeHHe KOHKpeTHOro 'leJioseKa He YKJia bIBaeTC.fI s 'IHCTYIO cxeMy. 0Ho.RSJI.ReTc.R npoyKTOM YHHKaJibHOro, csoticTseHHoro TOJibKO eMy cnoco6a HHTepnpeTa HH H HCTOJIKOSaHH.fI poJieti. ITocKOJibKY Ka»ebIH 'leJIOSeK HCnOJIH.ReT HeCKOJibKO poJieti s MHO mecTse pa3JIH'IHbIX CHTya ti, Memy pOJI.fIMH MO»eeT S03HHKHYTb KOH cpJIHKT. CHTyaH.fI, s KOTOpoti 'leJioseK CTaJIKHsaeTC.fI c Heo6xoHMOCTblO yosJieTsop.RTb Tpe6osaHH.fI syx HJIH 6oJiee HecosMecTHMbIX poJieti, Ha3bIBaeTc.R poJieBLIM KOHcPJIHKTOM. KoHcpJIHKT co3aeT CTpeccosyro CHTyaHIO, H Heo6xoHMO H3bICKHSaTb cnoco6bI rapMOHH3a HH poJieti.
3 cfJop.Mupoeanue AU<tttocmu e npoecce couaJtu3a uu. OmK.1wHR1014eec.si noeeaenue AU<tttocmu Jil.r<rnoCTb KaK ofrbeKT o6rn;ecrseHHbIX OTHOlUeHHH paccMaTpHBaeTC.fI s co OJIOI'KJ1 s KOHTeKCTe yx S3aHMOCS.R3aHHbIX npoeccos - coaJIH3a H eHTHcpHKa. CoaJDI -am npoecc ycsoeHH.R H oM o6pa3os noseeHH.R, coaJibHbIX HOpM H eHHocreti, Heo6xobIX ero ycneWHoro tj:>yHKOHHposaHH.R s aHHOM o6rn;ecrse. CoaJIH3a oxsaTbmaeT see npoeccbr npHo6rn;eHH.R K KYJibTYPe, o6yqeHH.R H soc nHTaHH.R, c noMOlll;blO KOTOpbIX 'leJioseK npHo6peTaeT coaJibHyro npHpoy H cnoco6HOCTb yqacTsosaTb s coJibHOH»<:H3IDL B npoecce coaJIH3a npHHHMaeT yqacTHe see oKpymeHHe:ceMb.R, coce,csepcT HHKJ1 s eTCKOM 3aSeemrn,lIIKOJie, cpecTsa ¥accosoti HHcpopMaH H T. ycneWHoti coJIH3a,no.I{.CMeJI3epy, Heo6xoo etiCTBHe Tpex cpaKTOB: omH,ZJ;aHHR, 113MeHeHIDI noBe,D;eHHR 11 CTpeMJieHHR COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3TMM OmH,ZJ;aHIDIM. I poecc cpopMMpOBaHHR Jlli'IBOCT11,no ero MHeHMIO, npo- 11CXO,D;MT no TpeM pa3JIWIHbIM CTa,D;MRM: 1) CTa,D;MM no,n;pamaHMH 11KOilMpOBa - HID!,n;eTbMM noBe,D;eHIDI B3pOCJlbIX; 2) MipOBOH CTa,D;MM, KOr,n;a,D;eT11 OC03HalOT noBe,n;eHMe KaK 11cnoJIHeHMe poJIM; 3) CTa,D;MM rpynnOBbIX 11rp, Ha KOTOpOH,n;e T11 Y'ffiTCH noHMMaTb, 'i'l'O OT HMX m,IJ;eT eJiaH rpynna JllO,D;eH. 0,n;H11M 113 nepBbIX BbI,D;eJI11JI 3JieMeHTbI co11aJI113aHH pe6eHKa 3. <Ppe:ti,n;. lo <Ppe:ti,n;y, JI11'iHOCTh BKJIIO'iaeT Tp11 3JieMeHTa: «HA» -11c TO'iHl1K 3Hepr1111, CT11MyJI11pyeMbI H CTpeMJieH11eM K y,n;oBOJibCTB11lO; < aro» -ocyeCTBJIHl0 11H KOHTpOJib JI11'iHOCT11, Ha OCHOBe np11H11na peaJibHOCT11, 11 «Cyrreparo», 11JI11 HpaBCTBeHHbIH oeHO'iHbIH 3JieMeHT. Co11aJI113a11H npe,n;cTaBJIHeTcH <Ppe:ti,n;oM npoeccoM «pa3BepTbIBa H11H» Bpom,n;eHHbIX CBOHCTB qeJIOBeKa, B pe3yJibTaTe KOTOporo npo11c XO,D;HT CTaHOBJieH11H 3T11X Tpex COCTaBJIHl0 11X 3JieMeHTOB JI11'iHOCT11. B 3TOM npoecce <Ppe:ti,n; BbI,D;eJIHeT qeTbipe CTa,n;1111, Kam,n;aH 113 KOTO pbIX CBH3aHa c onpe,n;eJieHHbIM11 yqacTKaM11 TeJia, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie 3poreHHbie 30HbI:opaJibHaH, aHaJibHaH, cpaJIJI11'ieCKaH 11 cpa3a noJIOBOH 3peJIOCT11. <PpaHY3CK11H nC11XOJIOr JR. I11ame, coxpaHHH 11,n;e10 pa3JI11'iHbIX CTa,D;11H B pa3B11T1111 JI11'iHOCT11,,n;eJiaeT aKeHT Ha pa3B11T1111 n03HaBa TeJibHbIX CTPYKTYP 11H,n;11B11,n;a 1111x nocJie,n;yroe:ti nepecTpOHKe B 3aB11- c11MOCT11 OT OnhrTa 11 C011aJibHOro B3a11MO,D;eHCTB11H.8T11 CTa,n;1111 CMeHH lOT O,D;Ha,n;pyryro B onpe,n;eJieHHOH nocJie,D;OBaTeJihHOCT11: ceHCOpHO-MO TOpHaH (OT pom,n;eH11H,D;O 2 JieT), onepa110HaJibHaH (OT 2,D;O 7), CTa,D;11H KOHKpeTHbIX onepa11H (c 7,D;O 11), CTa,D;11H cpopMaJibHbIX onepa11H (c 12 ,n;o 15). MHor11e nc11xoJior1111 co110Jior11 no,n;qepK11Ba10T, 'iTO npoecc co 11aJI113a1111 npo,n;oJimaeTcH B Te'ieH11e Been m113H11 qeJioBeKa, 11 yT Bepm,n;aroT' 'iTO co11aJI113a11H B3pOCJib X OTJI11qaeTCH OT co11aJI113a1111 ,n;eTe:ti HecKOJihK11M11 MOMeHTaM11. Co11aJI113a11H B3pocJih X cKopee 113- MeHHeT BHeIIIHee noBe,n;eH11e, B TO BpeMH, KaK co11aJI113a11H,n;eTeH cpop M11pyeT eHHOCTHhre op11eHTa1111. Co11aJI113a11H B3pOCJih X paccq11Ta Ha Ha TO, 'iT06hInOMO'ib qeJIOBeKy np1106pecT11 onpe,n;eJieHHh e HaBh K11, co11aJI113a11H B,n;eTCTBe B 6oJibIIIeH Mepe 11MeeT,n;eJIO c MOTl1Ba11e:t1 no Be,n;eH11H. lC11XOJIOr P. fapOJib,D; npe,D;JIOm11JI TeOp11lO, B KOTOpOH C011a JI113a 11H B3pOCJibIX paccMaTp11BaeTCH He KaK npo,n;oJimeH11e,n;eTCKOH co 11aJI113a1111, a KaK npoecc, B KOTOpOM 113m11BalOTCH nc11xoJiornqecK11e np11MeTbl,n;eTCTBa: OTKa3 OT,n;eTCK11X M11cpOB (TaK11X, Hanp11Mep, KaK Bce MOryeCTBO aBTOp11TeTa 11JI11 11,n;eH 0 TOM, 'iTO HaIII11 Tpe6oBaH11H,D;OJim HbI6h Tb 3aKOHOM,D;JIH OKpyma1011x). KaKOBhIme MexaH113MhIco11aJI113a1111? Yme 3. <Ppe:ti,n; Bhr,n;eJI11JI nc11XOJIOr11qecK11e MexaH113MbIco11aJI113a1111: l1Ml1Ta1110, 11,n;eHT11cp11- Ka1110, 'iYBCTBO CTbI,D;a 11 B11Hbl. MMHTaQHeH Ha3bIBaeTCH OC03HaHHaH nonbITKa pe6eHKa KOn11poBaTh onpe,n;eJieHHYIO MO,D;eJib noBe,n;eH11H. 06- pa3aM11,D;JIH no,n;pamaH11H MoryT BbICTynaTb po,n;11TeJI11, pO,D;CTBeHH11K11, ,n;py3hH 11T. ,n;. MAeHTHcPHKaQHH-3TO cnoco6 oco3HaH11Hnp11Ha,n;JiemHo cT11 K TOH 11JI1111HOH o6HOCT11. qepe3 11,n;eHT11cp11Ka1110,n;eT11 np11H11Ma10T noBe,n;eH11e po,n;11TeJieH, pO,D;CTBeHH11KOB,,n;py3e:ti, coce,n;e:ti 11 T. ,n;., 11X eH HOCT11, HOpMbI, o6pa3bl noBe,n;eH11H KaK CB011 co6CTBeHHbie. Jh14HOCTb B o6eCTB0HHblX OTHOW0Hi.1RX 77 Mwrrauu,n;eH'TI1cpHKa RB.JlfilOTCRil03WTIIBHb!MJ1 MeXaHH3MaMH, nocKOJibKY OHH HaQeJieHbI Ha ycsoettue onpe)J;eJieHHoro Tuna noBe)J;eHH.fl. CTbI)J; Yi BHHa npe)J;CTaBJI.fllOT co6oi1: HeraTHBHbie MeXaHH3MbI,TaK KaK OHH no)J;aBJI.flFOT HJIH aanpeI.QaroT HeKoTopbre o6pa3QbI nose)J;eHH.fl. 3. <Ppei1A OTMeqaeT, qTo qyscTBa CTbI)J;a Yi BHHbI TeCHO CB.fl3aHbI)J;pyr c)J;pyroM Yi noqTJ:1 Hepa3JIJ:1qHMbI. 0)J;HaKO Me:IK)J;y HHMH HMeFOTC.fl onpe)J;eJieHHbi e paaJI:11q:11.fl. CThI)J; o6brqHo accoQuupyeTc.H c oI.QyI.QettueM, qTo sac paao6- Jiaq:11JI:11 Yi onoaopHJIH. 3To qyscTBO opueHTHpOBaHO Ha BOCnpH.HTHe no CTYilKOB HH)J;HBH)J;a Apyr:11M:11 JIFO)J;bMH. OI.QyI.Qettue :me BHHhI CB.H3aHo c BHyTpeHHHMH nepe:IKHBaHH.flMH, c CaMOOQeHKOH qeJioBeKOM CBOHX no CTYilKOB. HaKaaattue 3)J;eCb cosepIUaeTc.H caMHM co6oi1:, KOHTpoJiupyro I.Qei1: cpopMOH BbICTynaeT COBeCTb. T. IapcoHc u C. Bei1JI3 npuMeH.HJIH noH.HTH.H, BBe)J;eHHbre 3.<Ppei1: AOM K TeopHH COHaJibHOro)J;eHCTBHH Yi COQHaJibHbIX CHCTeM. 0HH onpe )J;eJI.fllOT HMHTaQuro KaK npoQecc, c noMOI.QbFO KOToporo ycsausaroTC.fl cneQ:11cp:11qecK:11e 3.JieMeHTbI KYJibTYPbI,oco6bre 3HaHu.fl, yMeHH.fl, o6p.H)J;bI Yi T. )J;. Io HX MHeHHIO, HMHTaQH.fl He npe)J;IlOJiaraeT HHKaKoro)J;JIHTeJibHO ro OTHOllleHH.fl c «MO)J;eJiblO». J1)J;eHTYicpHKaQH.fl :me)J;JI.fl HUX 03HaqaeT BHyTpeHHee OCBOeHHe QeHHOCTei1: JIIO)J;bMH Yi npe)J;CTaBJI.fleT co6oi1: npo Qecc COQHaJibHoro Hayqettu.H. CTeneHb H)J;eHT:11cp:11KaQ:11:11 onpe)J;eJI.HeTC.fl xapaKTepoM npuB.H3aHHOCTH K «)J;pyroMy».IIocKOJibKY Ha:1160Jiee CHJib HbI npHB.fl3aHHOCTH B ceMbe, IlOCTOJibKOY ceMb.fl C'iHTaeTC.fl OCHOBHOH cpopMoi1 COQHaJI:113aQ:11:11. Ho noMHMO ceMbH B 3TOM npoQecce nputtuMaeT aKTHBHOe yqacTue BHeIUHee OKpy:meHHe HH)J;HBH)J;a, B TOM qucJie Yi cpe)J; CTBa MaCCOBOH HHcpOpMaQHH Yi KOMMYHHKaQHH. IIpoQecc coQHaJI:11aaQ:11:11)J;OCTwraeT onpe)J;eJieHHoi1 cTeneHu aa sepIUeHHOCTH npu)J;OCTH:IKeHHH JIYi'iHOCTblO COQHaJibHOH apeJIOCTH, KO TOpa.H xapaKTepuayeTC.fl o6peTeHHeM JIJ:1qHOCTblO HHTerpaJibHOro COQH aJibHOrO CTaTyca. 0)J;HaKO B npoQecce COQHaJIH3aQHH B03MO:IKHbI c6ou, Hey)J;aqu. lpO.HBJieHHeM He)J;OCTaTKOB COQHaJIH3aQHH.flBJI.fleTC.fl OTKJIO HHIOee (11;ee11aHTHOe) IIOBe)J;eHHe. 3THM TepMHHOM B COQHOJIOrHH qaI.Qe scero o6oaHaqaroT paaJiuqHbre cpopMbI HeraTHBHoro nose)J;eHH.fl JIHQ, ccpepy HpaBCTBeHHbIX nopOKOB, OTCTynJieHH.fl OT npHHQHilOB, HOpM MO paJIH u npasa. K ocHOBHbIM cpopMaM OTKJIOH.HFOI.Qeroc.H noBe)J;eHH.fl npu H.flTO OTHOCHTb npaBOHapyIUaeMOCTb, BKJiroqa.fl npecTynHOCTb, Ilb.flHCT BO, HapKOMaHHIO, npoCTHTYQHIO, CaMoy6ui1:CTBO. MttoroqucJieHHbre cpopMbI OTKJIOH.HFOI.Qeroc.H nose)J;eHH.fl CBH)J;e TeJibCTBYFOT 0 COCTO.flHHH KOHcpJIHKTa Me:IK)J;Y JIYi'iHOCTHbIMH Yi 06I.QeCT BeHHbIMH YiHTepecaMH. 0TKJIOH.HIOI.Qeec.H noBe)J;eHHe - 3TO qaI.Qe BCero IlOilbITKa yi1TH:113 06I.QeCTBa, y6e:ma Tb OT IlOBCe)J;HeBHbIX:IK:l13HeHHbIX He B3rO)J; Yi npo6JieM, npeO)J;OJieTb COCTO.flHHe HeysepeHHOCTH Yi Hanp.H:IKeHH.fl qepe3 onpe)J;eJieHHbi e KOMneHCaTOpHbie cpopMbI.0)J;HaKO OTKJIOH.fllOI.Qee C.fl noBe)J;eHue He BCer)J;a HOCHT HeraTHBHbIH xapaKTep. Otto MO:IKeT 6bITb Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó: |
Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.036 ñåê.) |