Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 4 страница

OHaKo np11 pellleH1111 KOHKpeTHbIX npo6JieM o6eCTBeHHOro yc­ TpOHCTBa Memy r.B. lJiexaHOBbIM l1B. 11.JleHl1HblM cyeCTBOBaJIJ1 ce­

pbe3Hble pa3JIJ1'Il1H, KOTOpbie B npeAABep1111 0KT.R6pbCKOH peBOJilOQJ1l1 nepelllJil1 B cTa1110 Henp11M11p11Moti 6opb6b1.TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH «JieraJib­ HbIH MapKCJ13M» KaK Te'!eH11e COQJ1aJibHOH Mb!CJIJ1 HOCJ1JI BpeMeHHbIH,

COQJ10KYJibTYPHbI H xapaKTep, CBH3aHHblH c YBJie'IeHJ1eM JIJ16epaJibHOH l1HTeJIJIJ1reHQJ1l1 MapKCJ1CTCKJ1Ml1 J1 e.RMJ1 B nep110 KaHyHa peBOJilO­

Ql1l1 1905 - 1907 rr. locJie ee nopameHHH JI116epaJibHaH l1HTeJIJI11reHQl1H

OTOJ.llJia OT MapKCJ13Ma, l1 «JieraJibHbIH MapKCJ13M» npeKpaTJ1JI CBOe cy­ eCTBOBaH11e.

CJieyeT TaKme OTMeTl1Tb, 'ITO B 3TOT nep110 B COQl10JIOr1111

HaKailJIJ1BaeTCH 60JiblllOH cpaKTJ1'IeCKJ1H MaTep11aJI, J.llJia OTpa6oTKa MeTOOB KOHKpeTHO-COQJ10JIOr11qecKoro aHaJIJ13a c l1CilOJib30BaHJ1eM

oc'i'11meHl1H CTaTJ1CTl1Kl1, eMorpacp1111 l1 pyr11x CMemHbIX l1CQJ1Il­ JIJ1H. B 1869 r. BbilllJia B cBeT pa6oTa l13BeCTHoro o6eCTBeHHoro e.RTe­ JIH B. B. Eepeu-<P.1tepoec?Cozo «flo.1to:J1Ceuue pa6011.ezo 1C.1tacca e Poccuu>>.

B 3TOH pa6oTe aBTOp 0606ru;11JI 3Ha•rnTeJibHbIH cTaT11CTl1'i ec1mi1: MaTep11- aJI B JIH' Hbie Ha6mo,n;eHl1R, Kaca10ru;11ecR co11aJibHOrO 113KOHOMl1'ieCKOro noJiomeH11R pa6o•rnx 11 KpecTbRH B pa3Jil1'iHblX ry6epH11Rx Pocc1111. 3a­

MeTHblM co6b1T11eM B pa3B11T1111 co11aJibHOH MblCJil1 Pocc1111 6b1Jia,n;Byx­ TOMHaR pa6oTa JO. Hucoua «Cpaeuume.tibtta:i cmamucmU1ca Poccuu u 3anaauoeeponeiicKux zocy aapcme (1878 - 1880 zz.)>>, B KOTopoi1: aBTop npe,n;cTaB11JI 6oraTblH q>aKTl1'iecK11i1 MaTep11aJI o co11aJibHblX npoeccax B nocJiepecpopMHOH,n;epeBHe. BoJibIIIOe BJil1RH11e Ha pa3Bl1THe co110JI0- r1111 B Pocc1111 oKa3aJia ony6JI11KoBaHHaR B 1899 ro,n;y KH11ra B. U.Jieuuua

«Pa3eumue KanumQ.Jl.U3Ma e Poccuu». B nepBblH nep110,n; noRBJIRIOTCR TaKme KpynHble pa6oTbl pocc11i1:cK11x co110JioroB A. Bor,n;aHoBa, B. lliy­ JIRTl1KOBa, II.CopoK11Ha, K.TaxTapeBa, nocBRll.l;eHHble npo6JieMaM co11- aJibHOH CTpaT11cp11Ka 1111, Teop1111 KJiaCCOB.

BTopoi1: nep110,n; pa3BHTl1R co110Jior11qecKoi1: MblCJI11 B Pocc1111 xa­ paKTep113yeTcR HapacTaH11eM npoecca 11HcT11Ty110HaJI113a1111, np11- 06peTeH11eM COl10JIOrl1'ieCKOH HayKOH CTaTyca co11aJibHOro 11HCTl1TyTa. B 1918 - 1919 rr. B IIeTporpa,n;cKOM 11.HpocJiaBCKOM Yffl1Bepc11TeTax 6b1JI11 co3,n;aHbIKacpe,n;pbl co110Jior1111, BBe,n;eHa yqeHaR cTeneHb no co110JI0- r1111. B 1919 r.6b1JI yqpem,n;eH Co110Jior11qecK11i1: 11HCT11TyT. B 1920 r.B IIe­

Tporpa,n;cKOM yH11Bepc11TeTe np11 cpaKyJibTeTe o6ru;ecTBeHHblX HayK 6b1- JIO C03,Zl;aHO COl10JIOrl1'ieCKOe OT,n;eJieH11e, BO rJiaBe KOTOporo CTaJIII11T11-

p11M AJieKcaH,n;poBl1'i CopoK11H (1889 - 1968) - KpynHblH yqeHblH 11 o6ru;ecTBeHHbl H,n;eRTeJib, BHeCIIl11H cyru;ecTBeHHbl H BKJia,n; B pa3B11Tl1e oTe'ieCTBeHHOH 11 M11p0Boi1: co110Jior1111. II.A. CopoK11H -O,n;HH 113 JI11,n;e­

poB rrpaBoro Kpb Jia napT1111 3CepOB, nocJie <I>eBpaJibCKOH peBOJil01111 1917 ro,n;a -ceKpeTa pb KepeHcKoro, c 1920 r.-npocpeccop IIeTporpa,n;­ cKoro yH11Bepc11TeTa, B 1922 r. B q11cJie 6oJibIIIOH rpynnblpocc11i1:cKoi1: l1H­

TeJm11reH1111 no peII1eH1110 UK BKII(6) BblCJiaH 113 Pocc1111 3a rpaH11y. il\11JI 11 pa6oTaJI B ClliA, r,n;e 11 ony6JI11KOBaJI pR,n; KpynHblX pa6oT. O,n;11H 113 po,n;oHa qaJibHl1KOB Teop1111 co11aJibHOH CTpaT11cp11Ka 1111 11 COl1aJib­ HOH M0611JibHOCTl1(06 3Tl1X TeOp11RX peqb noi1:,n;eT no3me B COOTBeTCTBY­ lOll.1;11X pa3,n;eJiax). Ha BTopoM 3Tane npo,n;oJimaeTCR pa3B11T11e TeopeT11- qecKoi1: co110Jior1111. B 20-x ro,n;ax 113,n;aeTCR 06II111pHaR co110Jior11qec­ KaR JI11TepaTypa: Copo1CUtt II.A. «0ctt06bLCOUOJtOZUU» (e 2-x mm., 1922 z.),

Xeocmoe B. M. «OcuoebL couoJ1.ozuu. Y11,euue o 3a1Cotto.Mepuocm:ix 06-

Uf ecmeeuuozo npoecca» (1928 z.), By xapuu H.A. «Teopu:i ucmopu11,ec- 1COZO MamepuQ.Jl.U3.Ma. IIonyJ1.JipttbLU y11,e611.u 1C MapKcucmcKoii couo.!l.o­ zuu» (1922 z.), CQ..11.bLHCKuii M. C. «CoUQ..11.bttaJi:llCU3ttb.!l.'loaeu. Beeaeuue e.MapK cucmcK y10 couoJ1.ozu10» (1923 z.) 11,n;p. OcHOBHaR HanpaBJieH­ HOCTb 3Tl1X pa6oT COCTORJia B BblRBJieHl111 COOTHOIIleHl1R l1CTop1111 pyc­ CKOH COl10JIOr11'ieCKOH MblCJil111 C0110JIOrl111 MapKC113Ma, B CTpeMJieHl111

ccpopMy JI11pOBa Tb op11r11HaJibHYlO COl10JIOr1110 MapKCl13Ma 11 onpe,n;e­ Jil1Tb ee MeCTO B Cl1CTeMe MapKCH3Ma.

HapJI,Zcy c pa3pa6oTKOH TeopeT11'iecKHX BOnpocoB pa3BOpaq11BaJil1Cb 3MID1pl1'ieCKHe cooJiorH'iecKHe 11ccJie,n;oBamm.UeHTpaJibHOe MecTo B HHX 3aHl1MalOT 11CCJie,n;oBaHHR no coaJlbHblM 11 coaJibHO.-nCIDCOJIOrn'i eCK11M

npo6JieMaM TPY,n;a 116b1Ta pa6o-.:rn:x 11KpeCTb.HH. B3TOH o6JiaCTH HaJ16oJiee nJio­

,n;OTBopHopa6oTaJIJ1AK racTeB,c.r.CTPYMJ1JIJ1H, A <I>.il\ypaBcKHi1: 11,n;p.BTOT

me nep110,n; aKTIIBHO paapa6aTbIBaJil1Cb COLl,l1aJibHbie npo6JieMbI ropo,n;a, Hapo­

,n;oHaceJieIDtR l1Mmpal.l,l1l1(H.AHI. HCpHpOB, A ro,n;yJIOB, B.CMYJieBH'i 11,n;p.), co­ l.l,l1aJibHbienpo6JieMbIK)'JibT)TpbI(J1.3aropcKID1,H.TpomioBcKJ.rii, P.E.mi:aapoB).

B 30-x ro,n;ax MapKCl13M OKOH'iaTeJibHO YTBep,n;11JICR B Ka'ieCTBe l1,Z1;eOJIOr11qecKOH OCHOBbI 061.QeCTBa, COQl10JIOrl1R 6bIJia 06-bRBJieHa tj:>HJIO­

cocpcKOH HayKoH. BbIJIO npoBoarJiarneHo, 'iTO «11cTop11qecK11i1 MaTep11a­ Jil13M -3TO l1eCTb COQl10JIOrl1R MapKCl13Ma», 11, CJie,n;oBaTeJibHO, 3Mill1pl1- qecK11e KOHKpeTHO-COQl10JIOr11qecK11e l1CCJie,n;oBaHl1R, KaK HeCOBMeCTl1- Mbie co cneQl1cpl1KOH cp11JiococpcKOH Teop1111, BbIBO,ll;l1Jil1Cb aa npe,n;eJibI

COQl10JIOrnl1.8TO 6b Jia TeopeTl1'ieCKaR npe,n;nOCbIJIKa paarpoMa COQl10JIO­ r111111ee noJIHoro yna,n;Ka B CCCP. IIpaKTl1'iecKaR me npe,n;nocbIJIKa yna,n;­ Ka CBR3aHa c l1,n;eoJior11ei1 TOTaJI11Tap113Ma. CoQl10Jior11qecK11e l1CCJie,n;oBa­

Hl1R, KaK HayqHbie l1CCJie,n;oBaHl1R, on11paIDI.Ql1eCR Ha TO'iHbie cpaKTbI,6b ­ Jil1 He HymHbI TOTaJI11Ta pHoMy pem11My' TaK KaK 0Hl1 BCTynaJil1 B npOTl1BOpe'il1R c nponaraH,n;OH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX «COQl1aJil1CTl1'ieCKl1X 3a­ BOeBaHl1H». Haq11HaR c 3Toro BpeMeH11, ocyI.QeCTBJIReTCR l1,n;eoJior11aaQ11R BCeH 061.QeCTBeHHOH ml13Hl1,B TOM 'il1CJie l1HayK11. COQl10JIOrl1R KaK COQl1-

aJibHbIH l1HCTl1TYT noJIHOCTbID npeKpaI.QaeT cBoe cy1.QeCTBOBaH11e. OT­

,n;eJibHbie ee npo6JieMbI pa3Bl1BaIDTCR B paMKax CMemHbIX,Zl;l1CQl1IlJil1H: l1C­ TOp11qecKoro MaTep11aJil13Ma,,n;eMorpacp1111, CTaTl1CTl1Kl1,IlCl1XOJIOrnl1.

Boapom,n;eHHe COLl,l10JIOrHH KaK HaYKl1Ha'iHHaeTCR B KOHQe 50-x -Ha­ qaJie 60-x ro,n;oB, Ha BOJIHe «XpYI.QeBCKOH oTTeneJI11». B 3TOT nep110,n; 6b Jil1 npoBe,n;eHbI MaCllITa6Hbie COQl10JIOr11qeCKl1e l1CCJie,n;oBaHHR no l13yqeHl1ID BJil1RHHR HayqHo-TexH11qecKoro nporpecca Ha coQ11aJibHyID l1npocpecc110- HaJibHyID CTPYKTYPY pa6oTHHKOB, l1X OTHorneHHe K TPY.DY· BoJibrnoe pacnpo­ CTPaHeH11e nOJiyql1JIO«COLl,l1aJibHOe nJiaHHpoBaHHe», cocraBJieHHe nJiaHOB co­ Ql1aJibHOro l1 3KOHOMl1'ieCKOro pa3Bl1Tl1R npOMbillIJieHHbIX npe,n;npl1RTl1H, KOJIX030B l1COBX030B11,n;ame HeKOTOpbIX ropo,n;OB. Bxo,n;e 3THX l1CCJie,n;oBaHHH 6bIJI HaKOnJieH 6oraThrn cpaKTH'iecKJ.rii MaTep11aJI; OTPa6oTaHbI MeTO,n;HKH co­ Ql10JIOrH'iecKoro l1CCJie,n;oBaHHR, np1106peTeHbI HaBbIKl1 npoBe,n;eHHR COLl,l10- JIOrH'ieCKHX l1CCJie,n;oBaHHH 6oJibllIHM KOJIH'iecTBOM COLl,l10JIOI'OB-CaMoyqeK.

B 60-x ro,n;ax COQl10JIOrl1R BHOBb BOCCTaHaBJil1BaeT CTaTyc COQl1-

aJibHOro l1HCTl1TyTa. B cepe,n;11He 1960 ro,n;a 6bIJIO coa,n;aHO nepBoe COQl10- JIOr11qecKoe yqpem,n;eH11e -OT,Zl;eJI COQl10JIOrl1'ieCKl1X l1CCJie,n;oBaHl1H B J1HcT11TyTe cp11Jiococp1111 AH CCCP l1Jia6opaTop11R coQ110JiornqecK11x l1C­

CJie,n;oBaH11i1 np11 JleH11Hrpa,n;cKoM rocyH11Bepc11TeTe. B 1962 ro,n;y 6bIJia

coa,n;aHa CoBeTcKaR coQ110Jior11qecKaR accoQ11aQ11R, a B 1964 ro,n;y Ha cp11- JiococpcKoM cpaKyJibTeTe MrY -Kacpe,n;pa KOHKpeTHo-coQ110JiornqecK11x l1CCJie,n;oBaHl1H.B 1969 ro,n;y 6bIJI coa,n;aH l1HCTl1TYT KOHKpeTHO-COQl10JIO­ r11qecKl1X l1CCJie,n;oBaH11H AH CCCP c oT,n;eJieHl1RMl1 B COID3HbIX pecny6-

JI11Kax l1KpynHbIX per110HaJibHbIX QeHTpax: CBep,n;JIOBCKe, HoBoc11611p­ cKe, JleH11Hrpa,n;e. c 1974 ro,n;a Ha'iaJI Bb XO,Zl;l1Tb cneQl1aJil1311pOBaHHbIH

:>1Cy p1u1.1t "Couo.1to2u'l/.ecKue ucc.1teaoeaHUJ1.». C 1988 r. o6paaoBaHbI coQ11- oJior11qecK11e cpaKyJibTeTbI B MocKOBCKOM, Jien11Hrpa,n;cKoM, CBep,n;JIOB­ CKOM, K11eBCKOM yH11Bepc11TeTax. B HaCTORI.Qee BpeMR cyI.QeCTByeT pR,n;

aKa,n;eM11qecK11x, BY30BCKl1x l1HeaaBl1Cl1MbIX COQl10Jior11qecK11x QeHTpOB, npOBO,n;RI.Ql1X llil1p0Kl1e 3Mill1p11qecK11e l1TeopeTJ.1'ieCKl1e l1CCJie,n;oBaHl1R B caMbIX pa3Jil1'iHb X o6Jiacnnc: 061.QeCTBeHHOH ml13HH.

0s;; mBO

x;ax;?teJLOC m1iasi cucme.Ma

1/ II01aimusi, o6u+ecmea u cucme.M.bt, CO?f Ua.n.bHbtX cesi,aeu, CO?f UCI./l,b1i020 63aUMoaeucm6UR, CO?f UCI./l,b'libtX om1iOULe1iUU. Cucme.MHbtU aHa.n.U3 n6u+ecmee1i1iOU JICU31iU

2/ 06UfeCm60 C n03UlfUU COlfUCLJl,b1i020 aemep.MU1iU3.Ma U ifiY1i1ClfU01iCLJ1,U3.Ma

3/ KoHitenituR o6u+ecmea e uHaueuaya.n.ua.11te.

MHaueuay a.n.ucmu•iec?Cue meopuu coitua.n.bHozo eaaUMoaeucmeusi,

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IIoHRmusi, o6u+ecmea u cucme.11tbt, CO?f Ua.n.bHbtX cesi,aeii, COlf UCI./l,b'li020 ll3UUMoaeucm6UR, COlf UCI./l,b'JibtX om1iOULe1iUU.

Cucme.M.Hbtu aHa.n.ua o6u+ecmeeHHOU JICU31iU

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