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B pa6oTax MapKCHCTOB aTo npoTHBopeqHe pa3pewaJIOCb no TaKoif cxe Me: IlOCKOJibKY npoJieTapHaT RBJIReTCR caMbIM nepe,n;OBbIM, nporpec CHBHblM KJiaCCOM, TO OH BbipamaeT aanpOCbl H HHTepeCbl scero qeJIOBe qeCTBa (npoJieTapcKoe cosna,n;aeT c o6e'leJIOBe'lecKHM), a, cJie,n;osa TeJibHO, OH aaHHTepecoBaH B o6'beKTHBHOM aHaJIH3e o6eCTBeHHb X npoeccos. A aTo oaHaqaeT, 'ITO B yqeHHH MapKCH3Ma 06 o6ecTBe napTHHHOCTb COBna,n;aeT c o6'beKTHBHOCTblO. 0,n;HaKO HCCJie,n;oBaTeJIH OTMeqaroT, 'ITO B pe3yJibTaTe peaJIH3aHH npHHHna napTHHHOCTH Ha y<rHbie HCCJie,n;oBaHHR 06 o6eCTBe 6bIJIH KpaifHe H,ll;eOJIOrH3HpOBaHbl. 0HH HOCHJIH o,n;HOCTopoHHHH, Heo6'beKTHBHb H xapaKTep. Pe3yJibTaTbI H BblBO,ll;bl 3THX HCCJie,n;oBaHHH nona,n;aJIH B aaBHCHMOCTb OT HHTepecoB npaBReH B CTpaHax «peaJibHOrO COHaJIH3Ma» IlOJIHTH'leCKOH 3JIHTbl, «napTHHHOH sepxywKH». 6 OcHOBHbte amanbL u Hanpae.!l.eHusi paaeumusi CO'lfUO.!l.ozuu e CilIA Han6onbIIIee paaBHTHe COQHonornqecKHe nccneoBaHHR nonyqnnn B CillA. J1ccneoBaTenn HCTOpMH coQHonorHH cqHTaroT, qTo ecnn B XIX Be Ke QeHTpOM COQHOnornqecKOH MbICnH 6bma 3anaHaR EBpona, TO Haqn HaR c 20-x rooB XX B. CillA npoqHo yepacnBaroT noaHQHH nepa B MH poBoJi COQHOnorHH.PeIIIaroee BnHRHHe Ha 6ypHoe pa3BHTHe COQHOnOrnH B CillA oKaaann a B3aHMOCBR3aHHbIX cpaKTopa: 6b1CTpoe npoxoaceHHe COQHOnorneJi Bcex IlRTH CTaH BHeIIIHeH HHCTHTYQHOHannaaQHH H 6onb IIIOH o6'beM KOHKpeTHbIX, 3MnnpnqecKHX COQHanbHbIX HCcneOBaHHH. B 3anaHOH EBpone COQHOnorHR onro paaBHBanacb Ha HHHQHa THBHOH ocHoBe. HanpnMep, 0. KoHT He HMen nocTORHHoro aapa6oTKa, H MHOrHe COQHOnorH, aa HCKnroqeHHeM r.3HMMenR, M. Be6epa, 3.,ZJ;ropK reHMa, 6blnH Bbrnyac eHbI pa6oTaTb BHe yHHBepcnTeTCKOH ccpepb1. B CillA ace coQHonorHR c caMoro Haqana HaqnHaeT cKnabIBaTbCR KaK yHHBepcHTeTcKaR HayKa. B 1892 roy 6b1na OTKpb1Ta nepBaR B MHpe Kacpepa COQHOnorHH H COQHOnornqecKHH cpaKynbTeT B qHKarCKOM yHnBepcnTeTe (eKaH.n;ac. CMonn). 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IlpaBHTenbCTBO H npenpHHHMaTenH paccMaTpHBalOT COQH onorHIO KaK Baa<:HbIH HHCTpyMeHT npeooneHHR COQHanbHblX KOHcpnHK TOB H o6ecneqeHHR COQHanbHOH CTa6HnbHOCTH, KaK HHCTpyMeHT COQH anbHOro KOHTpOnR H ynpaBneHHR, IlOBbIIIIalOHH npOH3BOHTenbHOCTb Tpya H o6ecneqeHHe 6narococTORHHR rpaacaH.BnaroapR paaBHTHro 3MilHpnqeCKHX HCcneoBaHHH, paapa60TKe cpyHaMeHTanbHOH MeTOO norHH, ncnonb30BaHHro MaTeMaTnqecKoro H cTaTHCTHqecKoro annapaTa, MOennpoBaHHR H 3KcnepHMeHTa COQHonorHR B CillA npeBpaTnnacb B TOqHyro HayKy. 3MnHpnqecKHe COQHOnornqeCKHe HccneoBaHHR HKTOBanHCb o6ecTBeHHb MH noTpe6HOCTRMH; BonbIIIOe MecTo B HHX aaHHMaroT npo- 6neMbI COQHannaaQHH paannqHb X COQHanbHb X rpynn, aanTaQHR K HO BbIM nR nroeH COQHanbHbIM H KynbTYPHbIM ycnOBHRM. B 3TOM nnaHe HaH6onbIIIee BnHRHHe Ha paapa60TKY COQHOnorHH B CillA OKaaano Bbl IIIeIIIee B 1918 r. ByxTOMHOe nccneoBaHHe <P. 3HaHetpwzo u Y. ToMa ca «llO.!l.bCKuu KpecmbJiHUH e Eepone u AMepuKe», re paccMaTpHBa nncb npo6neMbIaanTaQHH 3MHrpaHTOB K ycnoBHRM CillA. B 3TOH pa6o Te 6binH Bb1qneHeHbl OCHOBHbi e npHHQHilbl MeToonorHH H MeTOHKH KOHKpeTHO-COQHOn ornqecKHX HCCneOBaHHH. CTaHOeneHHe "' OCHOBHble:nanbl HCTOPWl8CKOro P83BHTHR co4i.1onorni.1 29 3Ha'i11TeJibHoe paaB11T11e B CIIIA noJiy'i11JI1111ccJie,n;oBaH11H no co 110Jior1111Tpy,n;a 11ynpaBJieH11H. Ew;e B 90-x ro,n;ax aMepmtaHcK11i1: yqeHbIM <Ppe,n;ep11K Y11HcJioy Tei1:Jiop (1856 - 1915) npo11aBeJI KOMnJieKCHbre 11c cJie,n;oBaH11H Ha npe,n;np11HT11Hx 11 coa,n;aJI nepByro B M11pe c11cTeMy HOT (Hay'IHaH opram13au;1rn Tpy,11,a). Tei1:Jiop no,n;po6Ho 11ayq11JI co11aJibH0- 3KOHOM11qecKyro opraH113a1110 npe,n;np11HT11H 11 np11IIIeJI K BbIBO,n;y' 'iTO TeXH11'ieCK11e 11opraH113a110HHbie HOBOBBe,n;eHMH caMM no ce6e He3cpcpeK T11BHbI. 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Ho B xo,n;e 3Kcnep11MeHTa 6brJio ycTaHOBJieHo, 'ITO 3T11cpaKTOpbI 11rpa10T BeCbMa He3Ha'i11TeJibHYffi pOJib. fJiaBHOe me BJI11- .HH11e Ha np0113BO,Zl;11TeJibHOCTb Tpy,n;a OKa3bIBalOT nC11XOJIOI'WfeCKMe 11co aJibHO-nc11xoJior11qecK11e ycJIOBMH Tpy,n;oBoro npoecca. B,n;aHHbIX 3Kcne p11MeHTax 6brJio OTKpbITO HBJieH11e ueQ>opMaJI&uoit: oprauuaau;uu Tpy,n;o BbIX KOJIJieKTMBOB. Jlro6a.H rpynna pa6oq11x paa,n;eJIHeTCH Ha no,n;rpynnbI (KJI11K11), HO He no npocpecc110HaJibHb M, a no JIM'iHbIM np113HaKaM. B 3TOH rpynne BbI,n;eJIHJIMCb JI11,n;epbr, ayTcaepbr 11 He3aBMC11Mbi e. Kam,n;aH no,n; rpynna np11,n;epm11BaJiacb oco6brx npaB11JI noBe,n;eHMH. HecpopMaJibHbre HOpMbI,peryJI11pyroill;11e OTHOIIIeH11H B,n;ammi1: no,n;rpynne, pacnpocTpaH.H JI11cb 11 Ha Tpy,n;oByro,n;eHTeJibHOCTb. B qacTHOCTM, 3T11 Henpe,n;n11caHHbre HOpMbI peryJI11poBaJ111 Bbrpa6oTKY OTHOIIIeHMH c PYKOBO,Zl;CTBOM 11T.,n;. Ha ocHoBe XoTopHcK11x 3Kcnep11MeHTOB 3. 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Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.022 ñåê.) |