|
|||||||
ÀâòîÀâòîìàòèçàöèÿÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÀóäèòÁèîëîãèÿÁóõãàëòåðèÿÂîåííîå äåëîÃåíåòèêàÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÃîñóäàðñòâîÄîìÄðóãîåÆóðíàëèñòèêà è ÑÌÈÈçîáðåòàòåëüñòâîÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêèÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊîìïüþòåðûÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàËåêñèêîëîãèÿËèòåðàòóðàËîãèêàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌàøèíîñòðîåíèåÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÌåòàëëû è ÑâàðêàÌåõàíèêàÌóçûêàÍàñåëåíèåÎáðàçîâàíèåÎõðàíà áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíèÎõðàíà ÒðóäàÏåäàãîãèêàÏîëèòèêàÏðàâîÏðèáîðîñòðîåíèåÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèåÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏðîìûøëåííîñòüÏñèõîëîãèÿÐàäèîÐåãèëèÿÑâÿçüÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÑòàíäàðòèçàöèÿÑòðîèòåëüñòâîÒåõíîëîãèèÒîðãîâëÿÒóðèçìÔèçèêàÔèçèîëîãèÿÔèëîñîôèÿÔèíàíñûÕèìèÿÕîçÿéñòâîÖåííîîáðàçîâàíèå×åð÷åíèåÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìåòðèêàÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêàÞðèñïóíäåíêöèÿ |
Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 2 ñòðàíèöà,n;wMo MMeTb B BM,n;y, c KaKoro BpeMeHM COMOJIOrM.R B Ka<i:eCTBe OT,n;eJib HOH cnewaJibHOH HayKM Ha<i:aJia npwaHaBaTbC.R Hay<i:HbIM coo6ecTBOM. J1cTopM.R CBM,n;eTeJibCTByeT, <i:TO 3To npowaomJio B 40-x ro,n;ax XIX B. no- cJie ony6mrnoBaHHH 0. K01-1.mo.M TpeTbero TOMa ero Ba:;irnethueii pa60TbI «K y pc noaumumwii. cfiu.n,ococfiuu» B 1839 roy, re OH BnepBbie HCnOJib- 30BaJI TepMHH «COHOJIOfH.H» H Bbl BHHYJI aaaqy H3y'ieHH.H o6rn;eCTBa Ha Hay'IHOM OCHOBe. J1MeHHO 3Ta npeTeH3H.H - IlOCTaBHTb yqeHHe 06 06- u:i;ecTBe Ha HayqHyKJ OCHOBY - H.HBHJIHCb TeM OTnpaBHbIM cpaKTOM, KOTO pbIM npHBeJI K cpopMHpOBaHHKJ H pa3BHTHKJ COHOJIOfHH. KaK me KOHKpeTHO o6ocHOBbIBaeT 0. KoHT Heo6xoHMOCTb H B03- MO:>KHOCTb noHBJieHHH aToii HOBOii HayKH? B cHcTeMe 0. KoHTa 3TO o6oc HOBaHHe ocyu:i;ecTBJI.HeTC.H Ha OCHOBe ccpopMyJIHpOBaHHOro HM 3aKOHa 0 Tpex DOCJieoBaTeJibHblX CTaHHX HHTeJIJieKTyaJibHOro pa3BHTH.H qe JIOBeKa: TeOJIOrHqecKoii, MeTacpH3H'ieCKOii H no3HTHBHOM. Ha nepBoii, TeOJIOfH'leCKOH, CTaHH qeJIOBeK 06'b.HCH.HeT Bee.HBJieHH.H ua OCHOBe pe JIHfH03HblX npeCTaBJieHHM, onepHpy.H IlOH.HTHeM CBepx'beCTeCTBeHHO ro. Ha BTOpoti:, MeTacpH3H'leCKOH, CTaHH OH OTKa3b BaeTC.H OT aneJIJI.H HH K CBepx'beCTeCTBeHHOMY H IlbITaeTC.H BCe 06'b.HCHHTb npH IlOMOIIJ;H a6cTpaKTHbIX cyrn;HOCTeti:, npH'IHH H pyrHX cpHJIOCOcpCKHX a6cTpaK HM. 3aaqa BTopoti: cTaHH - KpHTH'ieCKa.H. Paapyrna.H npe.muHe npecTaBJieHH.H, oua noroTaBJIHBaeT TpeTbKJ CTaHKJ - Il03HTHBHYIO, HJIH uayqnyIO. Ha 3TOM CTaHH qeJIOBeK nepecTaeT onepHpoBaTb a6cT paKTHbIMH cyrn;HOCT.HMH, OTKa3bIBaeTC.H pacKpbIBaTb npH'IHHbl.HBJie HHM H orpaHH'iHBaeTCH ua6JI10 euHeM aa HBJieHHHMH H cpHKCHpoBaHHeM IlOCTO.HHHbIX CB.H3eti:, KOTOpbie MoryT ycTaHaBJIHBaTbC.H Me.my HHMH. Ilepexo OT OHOM CTaHH K pyroti: B pa3HblX HayKax COBeprnaeT C.H IlOCJieOBaTeJibHO, HO He OHOBpeMeHHO. J1 3ecb eti:CTByeT OHH npHHHn -OT npocToro K CJIO.)KHOMy, OT BbICiliero K HH3IlieMy. qeM npo u:i;e o6'beKT H3y'leHHH, TeM 6blcTpee TaM ycTaHaBJIHBaeTC.H Il03HTHBHOe auauHe.IIoaToMy no3HTHBHoe 3HaHHe cHa'laJia pacnpocTpaH.HeTc.H B Ma TeMaTHKe, cpH3HKe, acTpOHOMHH, XHMHH, aaTeM B 6HoJiorHH.CoHOJiorHH .me -3TO Bepumua Il03HTHBHOro 3HaHH.H. Ona onHpaeTC.H B CBOHX HCCJie OBaHH.HX ua «D03HTHBHbIH MeTo». IocJieHHti: oauaqaeT onopy Teope TH'iecKoro auaJIH3a ua COBOKYilHOCTb 3MnHpH'ieCKHX aHHb X, co6pau HbIX B ua6JIKJeHHH, 3KCnepHMeuTax H cpaBHHTeJibHOM HCCJieoBaHHH, aHHbIX -uae.mHbIX, npoBepeHHbIX, ue Bbl3b BaKJIIJ;HX COMHeHH.H. ,llpyroti: Ba.mub1ti: BbIBo, npHBernHti: 0. KouTa K ueo6xoHMOCTH cpopMHpOBaHH.H HayKH 06 o6rn;eCTBe, CB.H3aH c OTKpbITHeM HM 3aKOHa pa3- eJieHHJI H KoonepaQHH Tpya. 3TH cpaKTOpbl HMeKJT orpOMHOe Il03HTHB uoe auaqenHe B HCTOPHH o6u:i;ecTBa. BJiaroap.H HM no.HBJIHKJTCH coHaJib Hbie H npocpeccHouaJibHbie rpynnb1, pacTeT paauoo6pa3He B o6u:i;ecTBe H noBb1rnaeTc.H MaTepHaJibHoe 6JiarococTOHHHe JIKJeii.Ho 3TH.me cpaKTO pbI BeyT K paapyrneHHKJ cpyuaMeHTa o6rn;eCTBa, IlOCKOJibKY OHH Hae JieHbl Ha KOHeHTpaHKJ 6oraTCTBa H 3KCnJiyaTaHKJ JIKJeti:, Ha OHo6o KYKJ npocpeccHOHaJIH3a HKJ, ypoy10u:i;y10 JIH'iHOCTb. CoHaJibHbie qyB CTBa o6'be HH.HKJT TOJibKO JIH OiD;HHaKOBOH npocpeCCHH, aacTaBJI.H.H Bpa.me6uo OTHOCHTbCH K pyrHM. BoanHKaKJT KopnopaHH H BHYTPH-' KOpnopaTHBHa.H 3fOHCTH'ieCKa.H MopaJib, KOTOpbie npH H3BeCTHOM nonyc THTeJibCTBe cnoco6Hbl paapyrnHTb OCHOBY o6rn;eCTBa - 'iYBCTBO COJIH apHOCTH H corJiaCHH Me.my JIKJbMH. Cnoco6cTBOBaTb ycTaHOBJieHHKJ COJIHapHOCTH HcorJiaCHH H npH3BaHa, no MHeHHKJ 0.KonTa, COHOJIOfH.H. CTaHOBl1eH11e 11 OCHOBHble 3Tanbl l1CTop11 eckoro pa3Bl1Tl1R co1..111011or1111 19 0. KoHT, B COOTBeTCTBl111 co CB011Ml1 npeCTaBJieHl1SIMl1 0 pa3Bl1- Tl111, eJil1T COl10JIOrmo Ha Be qacT11: COl1aJibHYIO CTaT11Ky 11COl1aJib HYIO 11HaM11Ky. CouaJI&naa CTaTHKa 113yqaeT ycJIOBl1H 11 3aKOHbI cpyHK110H11pOBaHl1SI o6eCTBeHHOH Cl1CTeMbI. B 3TOM pa3eJie KOHTOB CKOH COl10JIOr1111 paccMaTp11BalOTCSI OCHOBHbie o6eCTBeHHbie 11HCTl1- TYTbI: ceMbH, rocyapcTBO, peJI11r11H c TO'iKl13peH11H 11x o6ecTBeHHbIX cpyHK11:ti, 11x poJI11 B ycTaHOBJieH1111 corJiac11H 11 coJI11apHocT11.B cou aJI&eoii unaMuKeO. Ko'HT pa3Bl1BaeT Teop1110 o6ecTBeHHoro nporpec ca, peIUal011M cpaKTOpOM KOTOporo, no ero MHeHl1lO, BbICTynaeT yxoB HOe, YMCTBeHHoe pa3B11T11e qeJioBe'ieCTBa.
2 COtf UOJLbHbLe yc.JLoeusi u meopemu"lec?Cue npeanocbLJL1CU 803HU1CH08ˆHU.R. COtfUO.ILOZUU KaK 6bIJIO YKa3aHo BbIIUe, cooJior11H B03Hl1KaeT B KOHe 30-x -Ha'ia Jie 40-x rooB XIX B. B co11aJibHOH ccpepe 3TO 6bIJIO BpeMH Kpa:tiHe:ti He cTa611JibHOCT11. BoccTaH11e Jil10HCKl1X TKaqe:tf BO <l>paH1111, c11Jie3cK11x TKaqe:tf B repMaHl111 (1844 r.), qapT11CTCKOe BmKeH11e B AHrJil111, 'iYTb no3me peBOJIIOl1SI 1848 r. BO <l>paHl111 CBeTeJibCTBOBaJil1 0 HapacTa Hl111 Kp11311ca o6ecTBeHHb X OTHOIUeH11:ti. Bo BpeMeHa peIU11TeJibHbIX:H 6b CTpbIX nepeMeH y JIIOe:ti B03Hl1KaeT noTpe6HOCTb B 0606a10e:ti TeO p1111, cnoco6Ho:ti nporHo311poBaTb, Kya B11meTcH qeJioBeqecTBO, Ha Ka K11e op11eHTl1pbI MOmHO onepeTbCH, o6peCTl1 CBOe MeCTO 11 CBOIO pOJib B 3TOM npoecce. KaK 113BecTHo, K.MapKc 11ct>. 3HreJibC Haq11HaJI11CBOJO Te opeT11'iecKy10 11 npaKTl1'ieCKYIO eHTeJibHOCTb B TO me BpeMH 11 np11 Tex me o6CTOHTeJibCTBax. OH11, CJieyH pal10HaJil1CT11'ieCKOH Tpa111111, ccpopMyJI11poBaHHOH B HeMeKo:ti KJiacc11qecKo:ti cp11Jiococp1111, 11on11paHCb Ha CBOH onbIT yqaCTl1SI B peBOJIIOl10HHOM B11meH1111, npeJIOml1JI11 pe llll1Tb 3TY npo6JieMy Ha OCHOBe KOHen11 HayqHoro COl1aJil13Ma, cep eBl1HOH KOTOpo:ti SIBJIHeTCSI Teop11H co11aJil1CTl1'ieCKOH peBOJIIOl111. 0.KoHT 11pyr11e «OTbr-ocHoBaTeJIH cooJiorn11» -r.CneHcep, 3.,n:ropK re:tiM, M.Be6ep -npeom11JI11 pecpopM11cTcK11:ti nyTb pa3B11Tl1H o6e CTBa. 0CHOBOnOJIOmHl1Kl1 COl10JIOr1111 6bIJil1 CTOpOHHl1KaMl1 CTa611JibHOro nopHKa. B ycJIOBl1Hx peBoJI10110HHoro no'beMa 01m yMaJI11 He Ha TeM, KaK pa3meqb nomap rpamaHcKo:ti BOHHbI, a Hao6opoT, KaK npeooJieTb Kp11311c B EBpone, ycTaHOBl1Tb corJiac11e 11 coJIapHOCTb Mem y pa3Jil1'i Hb Ml1coaJibHbIMl1rpynnaM11. Co110Jior11S1 KaK pa3 11paccMaTp11BaJiaCb 11Ml1B Ka'ieCTBe 11HCTpyMeHTa n03HaHl1SI o6eCTBa 11 Bbrpa6oTKl1 peKo MeHa:ti no ero pecpopM11poBaH1110. MeToqecKo:ti me ocHoBo:ti pecpop Ml13Ma, c 11X TO'iK11 3peHl1H, SIBJIHeTCSI «n0311Tl1BHb H MeTO». 3Tl1Ml1 pa3Jil1'iHbIMl1 11eoJior11qecK11M11 ycTaHOBKaMl1 6bIJIO npo KTOBaHO 11 pa3JIJ1ql1e B 11CTOJIKOBaHl111Tex HayqHbIX OTKpbITl1H, KOTOpbie 6bIJil1ceJiaHbI B 30-x -40-x rox XIX B. B 3TOT nep110 Ha nepBbr:ti nJiaH pa3Bl1T:HH HayK11 BbIXOHT x11M11H 116110Jior11S1.Ha1160Jiee 3Ha'i11TeJibHbIM11 OTKpbITl1SIMl1Toro BpeMeH11, KaK Bbl nOMHl1Te, SIBJISllOTCSI OTKpbITl1e KJieTKl1 HeMeK11M11 yqeHb M11llIJie:tieHoM11 llIBaHHOM (1838-1839), Ha ocHoBe KOTOporo 6bIJia C03aHa KJieTO'iHaH TeOpI1H CTpoeHHHmHBoro BeeCTBa, 11 coa,ZJ;aH11e q,)lapB11HOM Teop1111 aBOJI10QH11 Bl1,ZJ;OB.)lJI.R K MapKca 11<t>.3H reJibca 3Tl1 Teop1111 nocJiym11JI11 ecTeCTBeHHOHay<rHblMl1npe,D;nOCbIJIKaM11 C03,ZJ;aHl1.fl,ZJ;l1aJieKTl1'feCKOro MaTep11aJil13Ma, OCHOBHblM 3JieMeHTOM KOTO poro.RBJI.ReTc.R yqeH11e o,Z1;HaJieKT11Ke -«aJire6pa peBOJIIOQJ.111», KaK ee Ha- 3BaJI B. M. JleHHH.)lJI.R 0. KoHTa, r.CneHcepa 11 3.)lropKre:t1:Ma 3Tl1 OTKpbl Tl1.fl nocJiym11JI11 OCHOBOH,ZJ;JI.fl C03,ZJ;aHl1.fl yqeHH.fl 06 o6eCTBe, OCHOBaHHoro Ha np11HQ11nax 6110Jiorn11,- «opraHHi:recKo:t1: Teop1111pa3Bl1TH.fl o6ecTBa». IloKa pei:rb IIIJia B OCHOBHOM 0 COQHOJIOrni:reCKHX ycJIOBl1.fIX 11eCTeCT BeHHOHay<rHblX npe,D;IlOCbIJIKax B03Hl1KHOBeHl1.fl TeopeT11'feCKOH COQl10JIO rn11. 0,ZJ;HaKo aa,ZJ;OJiro,ZJ;O 3Toro B EBpone aaKJia,ZJ;bIBaJI11cb ocHOBbI aMn11p11- i:recKo:t1: 6a3bI coQHoJior1111 11 ee MeTO,ZJ;OB noaHaH11.R. MeTO,ZJ;OJIOrn.R 11 MeTo ,ZJ;l1Ka KOHKpeTHO-COQl10JIOr11i:recKl1X l1CCJie,ZJ;OBaHl1H paapa6aTbIBaJil1Cb rnaBHbIM o6paaoM ecTeCTB011cnh1TaTeJI.RM11.Yme B XVII-XVIII B.)lmoH fpayHT 11 3,D;MYHT faJIJie:t1: Bb1pa6aTb1BaJI11 MeTO,ZJ;bl KOJil1'feCTBeHHOro l1C CJie,ZJ;OBaHl1.fl coQ11aJibHbIX npoQeccoB. B i:racTHOCTl1,)l.fpayHT np11MeH11JI HX B 1662 r. K aHaJI11ay ypoBH.R cMepTHOCTl1.A pa6oTa l13BecTHoro.qma11Ka 11MaTeMaT11Ka JianJiaca «<l>l1JIOCOcpCKl1e oi:repK110 Bepo.RTHOCTl1»IlOCTpoe Ha Ha KOJil1'feCTBeHHOM on11caHl1l1,Zl;l1HaMl1Kl1Hapo,D;oHaceJieHl1.fl. Oco6eHHo aKTl1BHO aMn11pH'fecK11e coQHaJibHbie l1CcJie,ZJ;oBaHH.fl B EB pone Hai:raJIH paaB11BaTbC.fl B Hai:raJie XIX BeKa no,ZJ; BJIH.fIH11eM onpe,D;eJieH HbIX coQHaJibHbIX npoQeccoB. MHTeHCl1BHOe paaB11T11e Kan11TaJI113Ma B Hai:ra Jie XIX B. BeJio K 6bICTpoMy pocTy ropo,D;OB -yp6a1m3ru m11aHH HaceJie Hl1.fl. CJie,ZJ;CTB11eM 3Toro 6h Jia peaKa.R coQ11aJibHa.R,Z1;11cpcpepeHQHaQ11.R HaceJieHH.R, pocT i:r11cJia 6e,ZJ;HbIX (naynep11aaQH.R), YBeJIHi:reH11e npecTynHO cT11, HapacTaH11e coQ11aJihHOH HecTa611JibHOCTl1.B TO me BpeM.R ycKopeHHO cpopMHpYJOTC.fl «cpe,D;Hl1H CJIOH» 11 6ypmyaaHa.R npOCJIOHKa, BCer,ZJ;a BbICTy naroe 3a nop.R,D;OK 11 CTa6l1JibHOCTb, yKpeilJI.fleTC.fl l1HCTl1TYT o6eCTBeH HOro MHeHH.fl, BoapacTaeT 'fHCJIO pa3JIH'fHOro po,D;a o6ecTBeHHbIX,ZJ;B11me H11:t1:, BbICTyna1011x aa coQ11aJibHh e pecpopMbI.TaK11M o6paaoM, c O,ZJ;HOH CTOpOHbI,OT<reTJil1BO npO.RBHJIHCb «COQHaJibHbie 6oJie3Hl1o6eCTBa»' c,D;py ro:t1: -06'heKTl1BHO coapeJIH Te Cl1Jlbl,KOTOpbie 6bIJil1 3al1HTepecoBaHbI B l1X Jiei:reH:mf 11MOrJil1BbICTynaTb B Kai:reCTBe 3aKa3'fHKOB COQHOJIOrH'feCKHX l1C CJie,ZJ;OBaHHfl, cnoco6HbIX npe,ZJ;JIOml1Tb «JieKapCTBO» OT 3THX «6oJie3HeH». Oco6eHHOHHTeHCHBHopa3BHTHeKanHTaJIH3MaBTOBpeM.Rnpo11 cxo,Z1;H JIO B.AHl'JIIDf 11<l>paHqmf. Bl1,Zl;l1Mo, 3TJ1M o6'b.RcH.ReTC.R, i:rTO HMeHHOB 3THX crpa HaX no.fIBJI.fleTC.R HaH6oJibIIIee KOJIH'fecTBO pa6oT, noceHHbIX coQHaJibHbIM npo6JieMaM pa3BJITJ1.fl o6ecTBa. Cpe,Zl;H 3THX pa6oT oco6o cJie,ZJ;yeT OTMeTHTb "Cmamucmu'lec'l\.oe onucmme Illom.timiauu» /I.:J1C0Ha Cu1\,,/l,epa (21 moM), ((no.tto:JICeHue pa60'le20 1\.11,acca 6 AHMUU» ctJpuapuxa OHZe.tl.'bCa, C<)l\U3H'b u mpya.moaeii e JIOHaOHe» qap.naaByma, "Cooa1CCl <jru3uwC1002ou.MOpa.t1.'boo20 COCfflOJl.HUJI. pa6o'llux Ha 6yMa:JICH'blX,w.epcmJl.H'bLX u we.tt1006'blX.Ma.Hy<jjmc mypax» Jlyu Bwr.ttep.ME, 1<0'lep?CU..w.opa.n.'b1Wii.cmamucmu1CU ctJpaHtfUU» AH ape I'eppu, «Eeponeiic'IC'Ue pa601lue» cppeaepu1CC1 Jle fl.11£ (6 mo.MOO). BoJihIIIoe 3Hai:reH11e,ZJ;JI.fl paapa6oTKl1 MeTO,ZJ;OJior1111 11 MeTO,ZJ;l1Kl1 3Mn11p11i:recKoro coQ110Jior11i:recKoro l1CCJie,Z1;0BaH11.R l1MeJia pa6oTa O,ZJ;Horo 113 KpynHe:t1:III11x cTaT11cT11KoB XIX B. A,ZJ;OJibcpa KeTJie «0 i:reJioBeKe 11 paaB11T1111cnoco6HocTe:t1:, l1Jil1OnbIT coQ11aJibHOH m11aH11» (1835 r.). HeKo TOpb1e l1CCJie,ZJ;OBaTeJil1 C'fl1TalOT, 'fTO l1MeHHO c 3TOH pa60Tbl MOmHO Ha- CTaHOBlleH11e 11 OCHOBHble 3Tanbl 11CTOPl1YeCKOf0 pa3Bl1Tl1SI COUl10110fl111 21 'U1HaTb OTC'ieT BpeMeHH cyeCTBOBaHH.fl CO:QHOJIOrHH, HJIH, KaK Bbipa- 3J1JIC.fl A. KeTJie, «CO:QHaJibHOH ¢113HKH». 8Ta pa6oTa noMorJia HayKe 06 o6ecTBe nepei1TH OT yMo3pHTeJibHoro BbIBe,ZJ;eHH.R 3Mn11p11qecKH He npoBepeHHb X 3aKOHOB HCTOpHH K 3MnHpH'ieCKOMY BbIBe,ZJ;eHHlO CTaTJ1C TJ1'ieCKJ1 paCC'iHTaHHblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTe:i1 c npHMeHeHHeM CJIO:>I<Hb X MaTeMa TH'ieCKHX npo:Qe,D;yp.
3 K.11.accu'LecKUii mun uay'Luocmu C01fU0.11.ozuu. Y'Leuue o Memoae 9. /1,10pKzeii.Ma KaK oTMe'iaJIOCb Bb IIIe, co:QHOJior11.R BbI'iJieHHJiaCb B Ka'ieCTBe caMocTo .RTeJibHO:i1OTpaCJIJ13HaHH.fl BCJie,ZJ;CTBHe CBOe:i1 npeTeH3J1J1 Ha Hay'iHOe HC CJie,ZJ;OBaHHe o6eCTBa. 0,ZJ;HaKO B HCTOpHH CO:QHOJIOrHH HHKOr,ZJ;a He cy eCTBOBaJIO corJiaCH.fl B TOM, KaKOB KpHTepHH Hay'iHOCTJ1. 0,ZJ;HH J13 KpynHei1IIIHX HCTOpHKOB CO:QHOJior1111 IO. H.,UaBbI.D;OB C'iHTaeT Heo6xo ,ZJ;HMbIM roBOpHTb 0 nocJie,ZJ;OBaTeJibHOM B03HJ1KHOBeHHJ1 B paMKax CO:QHO JIOrHH, no Kpai1Hei1 Mepe, Tpex THnOB Hay'iHOCTH: KJiaCCH'ieCKOro, He KJiaCCH'ieCKOro J1 npoMemyTO'iHOro, 3KJieKTJ1'ieCKOro. KJiacc11qecK11i1 THn Hay'iHOCTH, no ero MHeHHIO, 6h JI npe,D;cTaB JieH TaKJ1MJ1 BJ1,Zl;HblMJ1 CO:QHOJIOraMH, KaK 0. KoHT' r.CneHcep, 8.,U10pK rei1M. 0CHOBHbi e npHH:QHnbI KJiaCCH'ieCKOH MeTO,ZJ;OJIOrHH CBO,Zl;.RTC.fl K cJie,ZJ;yIO HM: 1) Co:QHaJibHbi e.RBJieHH.R no,ZJ;'iHH.RIOTC.R 3aKoHaM, o6HM ,ZJ;JI.fl BCe:i1,ZJ;eHCTBHTeJibHOCTJ1. HeT HHKaKHX cne:Q11¢11qeCKJ1X CO:QHaJib HblX 3aKOHOB. 2) lo3TOMY CO:QHOJIOrH.fl,ZJ;OJI:>I<Ha CTpOHTbC.fl no 06pa3y ecTeCTBeHHbIX «no3HTHBHb X» HayK. 3) MeTO,ZJ;bI co:QHaJihHoro 11ccJie,ZJ;o BaHH.R,ZJ;OJI:>I<Hbl 6b1Tb TaKJ1MJ1 me TO'iHb MH, CTpOrHMJ1. Bee CO:QHaJibHbi e .flBJieHH.fl,ZJ;OJI:>I<Hbl 6b1Tb on11caHbl KOJIH'ieCTBeHHO. 4) BamHeHIIIHM KpH TepHeM Hay'iHOCTH.flBJI.ReTC.fl o6'beKTJ1BHOCTb CO,D;epmaHH.fl 3HaHJ1.fl. 8To 3Ha'iHT, 'iTO CO:QHOJIOrH'i eCKOe 3HaHHe He,Zl;OJI:>I<HO CO,D;epmaTb B ce- 6e cy6'beKTHBHbie Bne'iaTJieHH.R 11 yMo3p11TeJibHb 1e paccym,ZJ;eHH.R, HO onHCbIBaTb COQ'HaJibHYIO,ZJ;eHCTBHTeJibHOCTb, He3aBJ1CJ1MO OT HaIIIero K Hett OTHOIIIeHH.fl. 8TOT npHH:QHn HaIIIeJI CBOe BbipameHHe B Tpe6oBaHJ1H «CO:QJ10JIOrJ1.R KaK HayKa,ZJ;OJI:>I<Ha 6bITb CB060,ZJ;Ha OT:QeHHOCTHbIX cym ,ZJ;eHHH J1 H,ZJ;eOJIOrHH». Ha1160Jiee 'ieTKO npHH:QHnbI KJiacc11qecKoro THna Hay'iHOCTH 6bIJIH c¢opMyJIHpOBaHbl B pa6oTe ¢paH:QY3CKOro CO:QHOJIOra 3. /f,10pKzeii..11w «llpaBU.11.a C01fU0./1.0ZU'LeC'/COZO Memoaa)) (1895 z.).,UropKreHMOBCKa.R CO:QJ1- 0JIOrJ1.R OCHOBbIBaeTC.fl Ha TeopHH CO:QlfaJibHoro cpaKTa. B,ZJ;aHHOH pa6oTe 8..U10pKrei1M J13JiaraeT OCHOBHbie Tpe6oBaHJ1.fl K CO:QHaJibHblM ¢aKTaM, KOTOpbie no3BOJIJ1JIJ16bIcyeCTBOBaTb CO:QHOJIOrHH B Ka'ieCTBe HayKH. Ilepeoe npaBHJIO COCTOHT B TOM, 'iT06bI «paccMaTpHBaTb COQH aJibHbie <t>aKTbl KaK BeH». 8To 03Ha'iaeT, 'iTO: a) CO:QHaJibHbie ¢aKTbl BHeIIIHH,ZJ;JI.fl J1H,ZJ;J1BJ1,Zl;OB; 6) CO:QHaJibHbie ¢aKTbl MoryT 6b1Tb o6'beKTaMH B TOM CMblCJie, 'iTO OHJ1 MaTepHaJibHbl, CTporo Ha6JIIO,ZJ;aeMbl J1 6e3JIJ1'iHbI; B) ycTaHaBJIHBaeMbi e Mem,ZJ;y,ZJ;BYM.fl J1JIJ1 MHO:n<eCTBOM CO:QHaJibHbIX <t>aK TOB OTHOIIIeHH.fl npH'iJ1HHOCTJ1 noMoraIOT ¢opMyJIHpOBaTb nOCTO.RHHbie 3aKOHbl 4>YHK:QJ10HHpOBaHJ1.fl o6eCTBa. BTopoe DpaBHJIO COCTOHT B TOM, 'L!T06bI «CHCTeMaTH'ieCKH OTMemeBbl BaTbC.R OT Bcex BpO:IK,ll;eHHblX H,Zl;eih>. 3'ro 03Ha'iaeT, 'LITO: a) COOJIOrn.R npem e BCero oJDKHa nopBaTb CBOH CB.R3H co BC.RKHMH H,Zl;eOJIOrn.RMH H JIH'LIHOCT HblMHnpHcTpacTH.RMH; 6) otta TaKme onmHaocBo6obC.R OTBcex npeac cy B, KOTOpblMHo6JiaalOT HBIB OTHOIIIeHHH coaJibHblX cpaKTOB. TpeTbe npaBHJIO COCTOHT B npH3HaHHH npHMaTa (nepBeHCTBa, npHOpHTeTa) u;eJioro Ha COCTaBJI.RlOl.l.l;HMH ee qacT.RMH. 3TO 03Ha'iaeT npH3HaHHe Toro, 'LITO: a) HCTO'LIHHK cou;HaJibHb X cpaKTOB HaXOHTC.R B 06- :r.u;eCTBe, a He B MbIIIIJieHHH H noBeeHHH HHHBHoB; 6) o6:r.u;eCTBO ecTb aBTOHOMHa.R CHCTeMa, ynpaBJI.ReMa.R CBOHMH co6CTBeHHbIMH 3aKOHaMH, He CBOHMbIMH K C03HaHHlO HJIH eHCTBHlO Kamoro HHHBHa. 1i1TaK, COI.l;HOJIOrH.R, no MHeHHlO 3..ll:10pKreiiMa, OCHOBbIBaeTC.R Ha noaHaHHH cou;HaJibHbIX cpaKTOB. Cou;HaJihHbiiicpaKT cneu;HcpH'ieH.OH no pomeH o6'be HHeHHbIMH eHCTBH.RMH HHHBHOB, HO Ka'ieCTBeHHO OT JIH'iaeTC.R no CBOeii npHpoe OT Toro, 'LITO npOHCXOHT Ha ypOBHe HHHBH yaJibHblX C03HaHHH nOTOMy, 'LITO y Hero pyroe OCHOBaHHe, pyroii cy6- CTpaT -KOJIJieKTHBHOe C03HaHHe..ll:JI.R Toro, 'iT06bI B03HHK cou;HaJibHbl H cpaKT, yKa3bIBaeT.ll:10pKreiiM, Heo6xoHMO, 'iT06bI,no KpaiiHeii Mepe, He CKOJibKO HHHBHOB o6'beHHHJIH CBOH eHCTBH.R H 'iT06bI 3Ta KOM6HHa l.l;H.R nopoHJia KaKOH-TO HOBbIH peayJibTaT,tA nOCKOJlbKY 3TOT CHHTe3 npOHCXOHT BHe C03HaHH.R eiicTBYlOl.l.l;HX HHHBHOB (TaK KaK OH o6pa ayeTC.R H3 B3aHMOeHCTBH.R MHOmeCTBa C03HaHHii), TO OH HeH3MeHHO HMeeT CJieCTBHeM 3aKpenJieHHe, ycTaHOBJieHHe BHe HHHBHyaJibHbIX C03HaHHH KaKHX-JIH60 o6pa3u;OB noBeeHH.R, cnoco6oB eHCTBHH, u;eH HOCTeii H T..• KOTOpbie cy:r.u;ecTBYlOT o6'beKTHBHO. lp1:1aua111:1e o6'beK- 1'HBHOH peaJibHOCTH cou;naJibHb X cl>aKTOD HBJIHCTCH u;eHTpaJibHblM nyHKTOM COI.l;HOJIOrH'ieCKOro MeToa. no.ll:10pKreiiMy.
4 HempaautfU01i1ib£U mun nay•mocmu. 1<ITonu.Ma10utaJt cotfuo.1weuJt» I'. 3u.M.Me.tWI. u M. Be6epa HeKJiaCCH'ieCKHH THn Hay'LIHOCTH COI.l;HOJIOrHH paapa6oTaH HeMeu;KHMH MbICJIHTeJI.RMH r.3HMMeJieM (1858-1918)HM.Be6epoM (1864-1920). Boc HOBe 3TOH MeTOOJIOrnHJiemHT npeCTaBJieHHe 0 npmn.i;HnHaJibHOH npOTH BOnOJIO)KHOCTH 3aKOHOB npHpObl H o6:r.u;ecTBa H, CJieOBaTeJibHO, npH3Ha HHe Heo6xoMOCTH cy:r.u;eCTBOBaHH.R Byx THnOB HayqHOI'O 3HaHH.R: HaYK 0 npHpoe (ecTeCTB03HaHH.R) H HayK o KYJihType (ryMaHHTapHoro 3HaHH.R). Cou;HOJIOrH.R me, no HX MHeHHlO, 3TO norpaHH'iHa.R HayKa, H noaTOMY OHa OJimHa 3aHMCTBOBaTb y ecTeCTB03HaHH.R H ryMaHHTapHblX HayK Bee Jiyq mee. y ecTeCTB03HaHH.R COI.l;HOJIOrH.R 3aHMCTByeT npHBepmeHHOCTb K TO'i HblM cpaKTaM HnpH'iHHHO-CJieCTBeHHOe o6'b.RCHeHHe eiiCTBHTeJibHOCTH, y ryMaHHTapHblX HayK -MCTOA DOHHM3HHHH OTHecenHH K u;euuoCTHM. TaKa.R TpaKTOBKa B3aHMoeiicTBH.R cou;HoJiorHH H pyrHx HayK BbITeKaeT H3 HX nOHHMaHH.R npeMeTa COI.l;HOJIOrHH.r.3HMMeJib H M. Be- 6ep OTBepraJIH B Ka'ieCTBe npeMeTa COI.l;HOJIOrH'i eCKOro 3HaHH.R TaKHe noH.RTH.R, KaK «o6:r.u;ecTBO», «Hapo», «'ieJIOBe'ieCTBO», «KOJIJieKTHBHOe» H T.. 0HH C'iHTaJIH, 'LITO npeMeTOM HCCJieoBaHH.R COI.l;HOJIOra MOmeT CTaHoaneH11e 11 OCHOBHble 3Tanbl 11CTOp11Y0CKOrO pa3Bl1T11SI cou11onorn11 23 6bITb TOJibKO HH,Zl;HBH,ZJ;, IlOCKOJibKY HMeHHO OH o6Jia,n;aeT C03HaHHeM, MO THBaQHeH CBOHX,n;eHCTBHH H paQHOHaJibHbIM IlOBe,n;eHHeM. f. 3HMMeJib H M.Be6ep no,n;qepKHBaJIH BamHOCTb noHHMaHHH COQHOJioroM cy6'beKTHB Horo CMbICJia, KOTOpbIH BKJia,ZJ;bIBaeTCH B,n;eHCTBHe caMHM,n;eHCTBYIOIIJ;HM HH,ZJ;HBH,ZJ;OM.IIo HX MHeHHIO, Ha6JI10,n;an Qeno'iKY peaJibHb X,n;ei1:cTBHi1 JIIO,n;ei1:, COQHOJIOr,ZJ;OJI'1<:eH CKOHCTpyttpOBaTb HX o6'bHCHeHHe Ha OCHOBe IlOHHMaHHH BHyTpeHHHX MOTHBOB 3THX,n;ei1CTBHH. ]if 3,ZJ;eCb eMy noMomeT 3HaHHe Toro, 'iTO B CXO,ZJ;HbIX CHTyaQHHX 60JibllIHHCTBO JIIO,n;ei1: IlOCTynaeT O,Zl;HHaKOBbI M o6pa30M, pyKOBO,Zl;CTByeTCH aHaJiorH'iHbIMH MOTHBaMH. Jifc XO,ZJ;H H3 CBOero npe,n;cTaBJieHHH 0 npe,n;MeTe COQHOJIOrHH H ee MeCTe cpe ,ZJ;H,n;pyrnx HayK r.3HMMeJib HM.Be6ep cpopMyJittpyIOT pn,n; MeTO,ZJ;OJIOrH qecKHX npHHQHilOB, Ha KOTop:bre, no HX MHeHHIO, onttpaeTCH COQHOJIOrH qecKoe 3HaHHe: 1) Tpe6oBaHHe ycTpaHeHHH H3 HayqHoro MHpOB033peHHH npe,n; cTaBJieHHH 06 o6'beKTHBHOCTH co,n;epmaHHH HaIIIHX 3HaHHH. yCJIOBHeM npeBparn;eHHH COQHaJibHOro 3HaHHH B,n;ei1CTBHTeJibHYIO HayKy HBJIHeTCH TO, 'iTO OHO He,ZJ;OJI'1<:HO BbI,ZJ;aBaTb CBOH IlOHHTHH H cxeMbI 3a OTpameHHH HJIH BbrpameHHH caMoi1:,n;ei1:cTBHTeJibHOCTH H ee 3aKOHOB. CoQHaJibHan HayKa o6H3aHa HCXO,Zl;HTb H3 npH3HaHHH npHHHnHaJihHOro pa3JIH'IHH Mem,n;y COQHaJibHOH Teopttei1: H,n;ei1CTBHTeJibHOCTblO. 2) lo3TOMY COQHOJiorm:i: He,ZJ;OJI'1<:Ha npeTeH,ZJ;OBaTb Ha 'iTO-TO 60JibIIIee, qeM Bb.HCHeHHe npH'iHH Tex HJIH HHbIX CBepIIIHBIIIHXC.H co6bI THH, B03,n;epmHBa.HCb OT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX «Hay'iHbIX nporH030B». CTporoe cJie,n;oBaHHe 3THM,n;ByM npaBHJiaM MomeT co3,n;aTb Bne 'iaTJieHHe, 'iTO COQHOJIOrH'ieCKa.H TeopH.H He HMeeT o6'beKTHBHOro, o6rn;e- 3Ha'iHMOrO CMbICJia, a.HBJI.HeTC.H IlJIO,ZJ;OM cy6'heKTHBHOro npOH3BOJia. qT06bI CH.HTb 3TO Bne'iaTJieHHe, r.3HMMeJib H M.Be6ep YTBepm,n;aIOT: 3) CoQHOJIOrH'ieCKHe TeopttH H noHHTH.H He.HBJIHIOTC.H pe3yJihTaTOM HHTeJIJieKTyaJibHOro npOH3BOJia, H60 caMa HHTeJIJieKTyaJibHa.H,n;eHTeJib HOCTb IlO,n;qHHHeTC.H BilOJIHe onpe,n;eJieHHbIM corzyi:aJibHbIM nptteMaM H,npem ,n;e Bcero, npaBHJiaM cpopMaJibHOH JIOrHKH Ho6rn;eqeJIOBe'ieCKHM QeHHOCT.HM. 4) Corzyi:oJior,ZJ;OJimeH 3HaTb, 'iTO B OCHOBe MexaHH3Ma ero HHTeJIJieKTy aJibHOH,n;e.HTeJibHOCTH Jie'1<:HT OTHeCeHHe BCero MHOroo6pa3HH 3MilHpH'ieC KHX,n;aHHbIX K 3THMo6rn;eqeJIOBe'ieCKHMQeHHOCT.HM, KOTOpbie 3a,n;aIOT o6rn;ee HanpaBJieHHe BCeMy qeJIOBe'ieCKOMY MbIIIIJieHHIO. «OrHeceHHe K QeHHOCT.HM KJia,n;eT npe,n;eJI HH,ZU1BH.n;yaJibHOMY npott3BOJIY», -nHCaJI M.Be6ep. M. Be6ep pa3JIH'iaeT noHHTH.H «QeHHOCTHhre cym,n;eHHH» H «OTHe ceHHe K QeHHOCT.HM». QeHHOCTHOe cym;:i;eHHe BCer,n;a JIH'iHOCTHO H cy6'b eKTHBHO. 3TO KaKoe-JIH60 YTBepm,n;eHHe, KOTOpoe CB.H3aHO c HpaBCTBeH HOH, noJIHTH'iecKoi1: HJIH KaKoi1:-Jitt6o,n;pyroi1: OQeHKoi1:. HanpttMep, BbICKa- 3bIBaHtte: «Bepa B 6ora -3TO Henpexo,n;.Hrn;ee Ka'ieCTBO'ieJIOBeqecKoro cyrn;eCTBOBaH·H.H». 0THeCCHHe K eHHOCTH -3TO npoQe,n;ypa H OT6opa, H opraHH3aQHH 3MnttpttqecKoro MaTepttaJia. B npttBe,n;eHHOM BbIIIIe npttMe pe 3Ta npoQe,n;ypa MomeT 03Ha'iaTb c6op cpaKTOB,n;JI.H tt3yqeHH.H B3aHMo ,n;e:tkTBH.H peJIHrHH H pa3HbIX ccpep o6rn;eCTBeHHOH HJIH'iHOH '1<:H3HHqeJio BeKa, OT6op H KJiaCCHcpHKaQHIO 3THX cpaKTOB, HX o6o6rn;eHHe H,n;pyrtte npoQe.n;ypbI.B 'ieM Heo6xo,n;ttMOCTb 3Toro npttHQHna OTHeceHH.H K QeHHoc T.HM? A B TOM, 'iTO yqeHbIH-COQHOJIOr BIl03HaHHH CTaJIKHBaeTC.H c orpoM- HbIM MHOroo6pa311eM cpaKTOB, 11,ll;JUi OT6opa 11 aHaJrn3a 3Tl1X cpaKTOB OH ,n;omKeH 11CXO,ll;l1Tb 113 KaKOH-TO ycTaHOBKl1, KOTOpaR 11 cpopMyJrnpyeTCR 11M KaK QeHHOCTb. Ho B03Hl1KaeT Bonpoc: OTKy,n;a me 6epYTCR 3Tl1 QeHHOCTHbi e npe,n; nO'<rTeH11R? M. Be6ep OTBe<raeT TaK: 5) vfaMeHeH11e QeHHOCTHbIX npe,n;nO<rTeHl1H COQ110JIOra onpe,n;eJIR eTCR «HHTepeCOM 3UOXH», TO eCTb COQl1aJibHO-l1CTOp11<reCKl1Ml1 06CTOR TeJibCTBaM11, B KOTOpbIX OH,n;e:i1:CTByeT. KaKOBbI me 11HcTpyMeHTbIno3HaHl1R, <repe3 KOTOpbie peaJI113y IOTCR OCHOBHbie np11HQl1nbl «nOHl1MalOI..Qe:i1: COQl10JIOrl111»? Y f. 311MMeJIR TaKl1M 11HCTpyMeHTOM CJiym11T, cp11Kc11py10I..QaR B COQ11aJibHOM RBJieHl111 caMbie ycTo:i1:<r11Bbi e, yH11BepcaJibHbie <repTbI, a He aMn11p11<recKoe MHO roo6pa311e COQl1aJibHbIX cpaKTOB. f. 311MMeJib C"l:l1TaJI, "l:TO Ha,ll; M11p0M KOHKpeTHOro 6bITl1R B03BbIIIIaeTCR MHP H eaJihHblX eHHOCTCH. 3TOT M11p QeHHOCTe:i1: cyI..QeCTByeT no CBOl1M co6CTBeHHbIM 3aKOHaM, OTJil1"l: HbIM OT 3aKOHOB MaTep11aJibHOro M11pa. IJ;eJiblO COQl10JIOr1111 RBJIReTCR 113yqeH11e qeHHOCTe:i1: caM11x no ce6e, KaK 'IHCTL X Q>opM. Coq110Jior11R ,n;oJimHa CTpeM11TbCR 1130JI11pOBaTb meJiaHl1R, nepem11BaHl1R 11 MOTl1Bbl, KaK nCl1XOJIOr11<recK11e acneKTbI, OT 11X o6'beKTl1BHOrO co,n;epmaHl1R, Bb <rJieHl1Tb ccpepy QeHHOCTHYIO KaK o6JiaCTb 11,n;eaJibHOro 11 Ha OCHOBe 3TO ro nOCTp011Tb B Bl1,ll;e B3al1MOOTHOIIIeHl1R "l:l1CTbIX cpopM HeKylO reoMeT p1110 COQl1aJibHOro M11pa. TaKl1M o6pa30M, B y<reHl111 r.311MMeJIR 'IHCTaH Q>opMa - 3TO OTHOIIIeH11e Mem,n;y 11H,ll;l1Bl1,ll;aMl1, paccMaTp11BaeMbIMl1 OT,ll;eJibHO OT TeX o6'beKTOB, KOTOpbie BbICTynalOT o6'beKTaMl111X meJia Hl1:i1:, CTpeMJieH11:i1: 11,n;pyr11x nc11xoJior11qecK11x aKTOB. <l>opMaJibHO-reo MeTp11<reCKl1H MeTO,ll; f. 311MMeJIR n03BOJIReT Bb,ll;eJil1Tb 061..QeCTBO B006- I..Qe, 11HCTl1TYTbl B006I..Qe 11 nocTp011Tb TaKylO Cl1CTeMy, B KOTOpo:i1: COQl1- 0JIOr11<recKoe 3HaHl1e OCB06om,n;aJIOCb 6bIOT cy6'beKTl1BHOro np0113BOJia 11 MOpaJil13aTOpCK11X OQeHO"l:HbIX cym,n;eH11:i1:. fJiaBHbIM 11HCTpyMeHTOM no3HaHl1R y M. Be6epa BbICTynaIOT «HeaJILHL e THUM». «V1,n;eaJibHbie Tl1nbI», no Be6epy, He 11Me10T aMn11- p11<recK11x npoo6pa3oB B caMo:i1: peaJibHOCTl1 11 He OTpamaIOT ee, a npe,n; cTaBJIRIOT co6o:i1: MbICJil1TeJibHbie Jior11<recK11e KOHCTPYKQ1111, co3,n;aBae Mb1e 11ccJie,n;oBaTeJieM. 3T11 KOHCTPYKQ1111 cpopM11py10TCR c noMOI..QblO BbI,ll;eJieHl1R OT,ll;eJibHb X <repT peaJibHOCTl1, C"l:l1TalOI..QJ1XCR 11CCJie,n;oBaTe JieM Ha1160Jiee T11n11<recK11M11. «lfeaJILHhIH THU,- n11caJI Be6ep,- 3TO «KapT11Ha O,ll;HOpo,n;Horo MbIIIIJieHl1R, cyI..QeCTBYIOI..QaR B Boo6pameHl111 yqeHbIX 11 npe,n;Ha3Ha<reHHaR,ll;JIR paCCMOTpeHl1R o<reBl1,ll;HbIX, Ha1160Jiee «Tl1nl1<rHbIX COQ11aJibHb X cpaKTOB». V1,n;eaJibHbie Tl1nbI - 3TO npe,n;eJib Hbie nOHRTl1R, 11CnOJib3yeMbie B n03HaHl111 B Ka<reCTBe MaCIIITa6a,ll;JIR COOTHeCeHl1R 11 cpaBHeHl1R c Hl1Ml1 COQ11aJibHO:i1: l1CTOp11<reCKO:i1: peaJibHO CTl1. lo Be6epy' BCe COQl1aJibHbie cpaKTbl o6'bRCHRIOTCR COQl1aJibHbIMl1 T11naM11. Be6ep npe,n;Jiom11JI T11noJior1110 coq11aJibHbIX,n;e:i1:CTB11:i1:, T11noB rocy,n;apcTBa 11 paq110HaJibHOCT11. OH onep11pyeT TaK11M11 11,n;eaJibHbIM11 T11naM11, KaK «Kan11TaJI113M», «610pOKpaTl13M», «peJI11r11R» 11 T. ,n;. KaKy10 me OCHOBHYIO 3a,n;a<ry peIIIaIOT 11,n;eaJibHbie T11nb1? M. Be6ep C'UITaeT, "l:TO rJiaBHaR QeJib COOJiorn11-c,n;eJiaTb MaKC11MaJibHO noWITHbIM TO, "l:TO He 6bIJIO TaKOBbIM B CaMOH peaJibHOCTJ1, BbmBJ1Tb CMbICJI TOl'O, qTQ 6b - CTaHOB/leHHe.., OCHOBHble 3Tanbl HCTOPH eCKOro pa3BHTHSI COl.IHO/lOrHH 25 JIO nepemwro, Mme ecJll13TOT CMbICJI caMHMH JIIOAI>MH He 6bIJI ocoaHaH. M,u;e aJibHbie THnbI H no3BOJIHIOT c,u;eJiaTb 3TOT HCTOpH'ieCKHH HJIH COHaJibHblH MaTepHaJI 6oJiee OCMbICJieHHbIM,"'ieMOH 6bIJI BcaMOM OilbITepeaJlbHOH mH3HH.
5 Oc1i081ibLe npuHtfUnbL Mamepua.n.ucmu'tecxozo y'teHu;i 06 o6iqecmee K. Mapxca u <P. 9HZMbca CBoeo6pa3HblH CHHTe3 KJiaCCH"'ieCKOro H HeKJiaCCH"'l:eCKOro THna Ha Y"'iHOCTH B o6JiaCTH coHOJIOrHH npe,u;cTaBJIHeT co6oH MaTepHaJIHCTH qecKoe yqeHHe 06 o6ecTBe K MapKca (1818-1883), <t> 3HreJibCa (1820-1895) H HX nocJie,u;oBaTeJieH.IlpH C03,lJ;aHHH 3TOro yqeHHH K MapKc H <t>. 3HreJibC Hcxo,u;HJIH H3 HaTypaJIHCTH"'ieCKHx ycTaHOBOK n03HTHBH3Ma, Tpe6oBaBWHX paccMaTpHBaTb COHaJibHble HBJieHHH KaK cpaKTbl H CTpOHTb o6eCTBOBe,u;eHHe no o6pa3 Y ecTeCTBeHHbIX HayK, c xapaKTepHbIM,lJ;JIH HHX npH<iHHHO-CJie,u;CTBeHHbI M o6'bHCHe HHeM cpaKTOB. Ipe,u;MeTOM COHOJIOrHH B MapKCH3Me, KaK OTMeqaJIOCb BbIWe, HBJIHeTCH H3y"'ieHHe o6eCTBa, OCHOBHblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH ero pa3BHTHH, a TaKme OCHOBHbIX COHaJibHblX o6HOCTeH H HHCTH TyTOB. KaKOBbI me HaH6oJiee BamHbie npHHHnbI MaTepHaJIHCTH"'l:ec Koro yqeHHH 06 o6eCTBe? 1) 0,u;HHM H3 BamHeH.WHX npHHHnOB HCTOpH<ieCKOro MaTepHa JIH3Ma HBJIHeTCH npH3HaHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH o6eCTBeHHOro pa3BH THH. <t>. 3HreJibC, BbICTynaH Ha noxopoHax K MapKca, cpe,u;H rJiaBHeH WHX ero,lJ;OCTHmeHHH OTMe"'l:aJI: «Ilo,u;o6HO TOMY' KaK.l(apBHH OTKpbIJI 3a KOH pa3BHTHH opraHH"'l:eCKOro MHpa, MapKC OTKpbIJI 3aKOH pa3BHTHH qeJioBe"'l:eCKOH HCTOpHH» (Mapxc K., o'lize.11.bc <P. Co't. T. 19.- C. 325). IlpH3HaHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH 03HaqaeT npH3HaHHe,u;eHCTBHH B o6ecT Be o6Hx, ycTOH"'iHBbIX, nOBTOpHID HXCH, cyecTBeHHblx CBH3eH H oT HoweHHH Mem,u;y npoeccaMH H HBJieHHHMH. 2) lpH3HaHHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B MaTepHaJIHCTH"'l:eCKOH KOHen HH HCTOpHH TeCHO CBH3aHO c npHHD;HDOM,u;eTepMHHJl3Ma, TO eCTb npH- 3HaHHeM cyeCTBOBaHHH npH<iHHHO-CJie,lJ;CTBeHHbI X CBH3eH H 3aBHCH MOCTeH.K MapKc H <t>. 3HreJibC C"'iHTaJIH Heo6xo,u;HMbIM H3 Bcero MHoro o6pa3HH ecTeCTBeHHblX CTpyKTyp, CBH3eH H OTHOWeHHH BbI,D;eJIHTb rJiaBHbie, onpe,u;eJIHIDHe. TaKOBbIM, no HX MHeHHID, HBJIHeTCH cnoco6 npOH3BO,lJ;CTBa MaTepHaJibHblX 6Jiar, COCTOHHH H3 npOH3BO,lJ;HTeJibHbI X CHJI H npOH3BO,lJ;CTBeHHbI X OTHOWeHHH. lpH3HaHHe npH<iHHHOH o6yc JIOBJieHHOCTH, onpe,u;eJIHJO eH BJIHHHHe Ha o6eCTBeHHYIO mH3Hb cno co6a npOH3BO,lJ;CTBa' HBJIHeTCH,u;pyrHM BamHeHWHM noJiomeHHeM MapK CHCTCKOro yqeHHH 06 o6ecTBe. B pa6oTe «K x pumuxe no.11.umu'tec1wii. a1<:01iO.M.UU» K. Map1Cc nHcaJI: «IlpoH3BO,u;CTBO Henocpe,u;cTBeHHO MaTe pHaJibHbIX cpe,u;CTB K mH3HH H TeM caMbIM Kam,u;aH CTyneHb 3KOHOMHKH Hapo,u;a H 3nOXH 06pa3yeT OCHOBY' H3 KOTOpOH pa3BHBaJOTCH rocy,u;apcT BeHHbie yqpem,u;eHHH, npaBOBbie B033peHHH, HCKYCCTBO H,u;ame peJIH rH03Hbie npe,u;cTaBJieHHH JIJO,D;eH, H3 KOTOpbIX OHH n03TOMY,u;oJimHbl 6b1Tb o6'bHCHeHbI,a He Hao6opoT, KaK 3TO,u;eJiaJIOCb ,u;o CHX nop» (Map'ICC K., onze.tibc <P. Co't. T. 13.- C. 6 -7). 3) TpeTbHM BamHbIM npHHQHnoM MaTepHaJIHCTw1ecKoro yqeHHH 06 o6eCTBe HBJIHeTCH YTBepm,n;eHHe o ero nocTynaTeJibHOM nporpec CHBHOM pa3BHTHH. lpHHQHn nporpecca peaJIH3yeTC.fl B MapKCH3Me qe pe3 yqeHHe 06 o6eCTBeHH0-3KOHOMH'leCKHX cpopMaQH.fIX KaK OCHOB HblX CTPYKTypax o6eCTBeHHOH mH3HH. 06eCTBeHH0-3KOHOMH'l ecKaH cpopMaQHH, no onpe,n;eJieHHIO K MapKca, npe,n;cTaBJIHeT co6oi1: «06u.+e cmeo, HaXOORUfeeCR Ha onpeoe.aeHHOU cmeneHu ucmopu'l/.ecx:ozo paaeu muR, o6u.+ecmeo co ceoeo6pa3Hbt.M Om.JtU'l/.UmeAbHbt.M xapax:mepo.M». (Ta.1n:>1ee. T.6.-C.44 2). I oHHTHe «cpopMaQHH» K MapKC 3aHMCTBOBaJIH3 Ïîèñê ïî ñàéòó: |
Âñå ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿìè è íå ïðåñëåäóþò êîììåð÷åñêèõ öåëåé èëè íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ. Ñòóäàëë.Îðã (0.027 ñåê.) |