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Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 5 ñòðàíèöà

×èòàéòå òàêæå:
  1. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 1 ñòðàíèöà
  2. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 10 ñòðàíèöà
  3. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 11 ñòðàíèöà
  4. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 2 ñòðàíèöà
  5. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 3 ñòðàíèöà
  6. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 4 ñòðàíèöà
  7. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 5 ñòðàíèöà
  8. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 6 ñòðàíèöà
  9. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 7 ñòðàíèöà
  10. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 8 ñòðàíèöà
  11. I. Ïåðåâåñòè òåêñò. 9 ñòðàíèöà
  12. Il pea.M em u ifJy uK/uu 1 ñòðàíèöà

MeHRIOT CBOe 3HaqeHHe.

CorJiacHo CHMBOJI11qecK0My HHTepaKQHOHHaMy, Baa11Moeti:cTBHe Memy HH HBHaMH npeCTaBJIReT co6oti: HenpepbIBHbIH HaJior, B npo­ Qecce KOTOporo JIIO H npocJiemHBaIOT, HHTepnpeTHpyroT HaMepeHHH pyr pyra H pearnpyroT Ha HHX. l1HTepnpeTaQHR CTHMYJIOB aaKJIIO'l'.a­ eTCR B ycTaHOBJieHHH CBR3H, CTHMyJia c CHMBOJIOM H BbI6ope OTBeTHOil peaKQHH Ha OCHOBe OCMbICJieHHR 3TOro CHMBOJia. YcTaHOBJieHHe COQH­

aJibHOH CBR3H, KOMMYHHKaQHR CTaHOBRTCR B03MOmHbIMH 6JiaroaPR TO­ My, 'l'.TO JIIOH npHaIOT OHO H TO me 3Ha'l'.eHHe aHHOMY CHMBOJiy. lo

Jl:m. M11y, coqHaJihHOe «ll» BKJiroqaeT B ce6R Ba MoMeHTa: co6cTBeHHO

«fl» 11 «MbI». Co6cTBeHHO «.JI» -3TO HHHBHyaJibHoe coaHaHHe. «Mbl»

-3TO HHHBHyaJibHOe C03HaHHe B rJiaaax pyr11x, HJIH, HHaqe rOBOpR, aaaqa, nocTaBJieHHaR qepea «fl» pyrnM «fl». «fl» -3TO Bcera HaJior

«fl» H «MbI». «fl» OQeHHBaeT CBOH eHCTBHR qepea BHyTpeHHee OCBOeHHe

«Mbr». TaKHM o6paaoM, o6w;ecTBO oKa3bIBaeTcR KaK 6br BHYTPH «fl». Co­ QHaJibHoe «fl» YTBepm aeTCR B coBoKynHOCTH npoQeccoB MemHHHBH­ yaJibHoro B3aHMoeti:cTBHR. BoraTCTBO 11 CBoeo6paa11e aaJiomeHHhlx B TOH HJIH HHOH JIH'l'.HOCTH peaKQHH, cnoco6oB eRTeJibHOCTH, CHMBOJIH'ie­ CKHX coepmaHHH 3aBHCHT OT pa3H006pa3HR H IlIHpOTbI CHCTeM B3aHMO­

eHCTBHR, B KOTOpbIX OHa yqacTByeT.

TaKHM o6paaoM, B o6'bRCHeHHH Bonpoca, 'l'.TO co6oti: npecTaBJIReT o6w;ecTBO, KaKOBbI MeXaHl13MbI ero o6pa30BaHHR H cpyHKQHOHHpOBaHHR, COQHOJIOrHR pacnoJiaraeT PROM MeTOOJIOrHqecKHX IlOXOOB, KOTOpbre Hepeo corJiacyIOTCR pyr c pyroM, HO MOryT BCTynaTb H B npOTHBOpe­ 'l'.He. OHaKo Bee KOHQenQHH o6w;ecTBa np11aroT BamHeHillee aHa'l'.eHHe B cpopM11poBaH1111 ero KaK QeJIOCTHOH CHCTeMbI poJIH KYJibTYPb. B qeM me KOHKpeTHO COCTOHT 3Ta pOJib, npeCTOHT paCCMOTpeTb B CJieyrow;eti: TeMe.


Ky;, ypa

B o61J1'eCmBeuuou cucme.Me

1/ K y.abmy pa KaK o6aeKm CO'!fUa.JtbHozo noaHaHust

2/ Oc1i061ibLe 3.Jte.Me'limbL Ky.abmy pbL. IIoHJtmue u euabL cy61CY.1tbmy p

3 / BaaUMoaeucmeue Ky.abmy pbL u 31C01io.Mu1Cu.

Co'!fUa.JtbHbte <fJY HK'!fUU Ky.aMny pbL

 

1

K y.abmy pa KaK o6aeKm CO'!fUa.JtbHozo noaHaHust

TepMHH «KYJibTypa» JiaTHHeKoro npo11exom eHJ1R 11nepBOHa'iaJibHO 03- Ha'iaJI B03eJibIBaH11e nO'iBbI, ee 06pa6aTbIBaH11e. IIepBOHa'iaJibHO no KYJibTypo:ti noH11MaJI11eb Bee J13MeHeHJ1R B np11poHOM ofrbeKTe, npo11e­ xoR11e no B03e:tieTBJ1eM qeJIOBeKa, B OTJIJ1'iJ1e OT Tex J13MeHeHJ1H,

KOTOpb1e BbI3BaHbI eeTeeTBeHHbI MH np11'i11HaM11. B aJibHe:timeM eJioBo

«KYJibTypa» noJiyqHJIO o6o6eHHOe 3Ha'ieHJ1e J1 HM eTaJIJ1 Ha3bIBaTb Bee eo3aHHoe 'ieJioBeKOM.Ilp11TaKOM noxo e KYJibTypa npeeTaeT KaK eo­ TBopeHHaR qeJIOBeKOM «BTOpaR np11poa», HaeTpoeHHaR Ha nepBOH, eeTeeTBeHHOH np11poo:ti, KaK Beeb eo3aHHb1:ti qeJioBeKoM MHp. KyJibTY­ pa BKJIIO'iaeT B ee6R: pe3yJibTaTbl MaTep11aJibHOrO J1 YXOBHOro npo113- BOeTBa. 3To 06ecp11JioeocpeK11i1 noxo K KYJibType.

B eo1.V10Jior1111no KYJihTypoif B llil1pOKOM eMbieJie 3TOro eJioBa noHH­

MaroT cne11cp11qecKyro, reHCTJ1'1CCKJ1 He HaCJICAYCMYIO COBOKYilHOCTb cpCACTB, cnoco6oe, cpopM,o6pa30B 11 op11eHT11poB B3aHMOAeifcTBHR JIIO­ Aeif co cpeAOH cyI.QeCTBOBai urn,KOTOpb e OIDIBb pa6aTb BalOT B COBMCCT­

HOH mH3HHAJIR noA;ZJ;epmamrn onpeAeJICHHhlX CTPYKTYP AC'HTeJihHOCTH 11 061.QeH11H.B y3KOM eMbieJie KYJibTypa TpaKTyeTeR B eo$0Jior1111KaK c11cTe­ Ma KOJIJICKTJ1BHO pa3ACJIHCMLIX CHHOCTeif, y6eeHMif, o6pa30B J1 HOpM

noBeAeHHH,npHCYI.QHX onpeAeJieHHoif rpynne JIIDAeif. MomHo eKa3aTb, "!TO

«KYJibTypa -3TO KOJIJieKTJ1BHOe nporpaMMHpOBaH11e qeJIOBe'ieeKoro pa3y­ Ma, KOTopoe 0TJIJ1'iaeT 'iJieHOB aHHOH rpynnbIJIIOe:ti OT pyro:ti».

KyJibTypa cpopM11pyeTeR KaK BamHbIH MexaHJ13M qeJIOBe'ieeKoro B3aJ1MOe:tieTBJ1R, noMoraroHH JIIORM)KJ1Tb B eBoe:ti epee. eoxpaHR:Tb eJ1HeTBO J1 eJioeTHOeTb eoo6eeTBa np11 B3aJ1MOei1eTBJ1J1 e pyrHMJ1 eoo6eeTBaM11.

KyJibTypa paeeMaTp11BaeTeR B eo110Jior1111KaK eJiomHoe 11HaM11'i­ Hoe o6pa30BaH11e, 11Meroee eo11aJibHyro np11poy 11 Bb1pamaroeeeR B eoJ1aJibHbIX OTHOlIIeHHRX, HanpaBJieHHb X Ha eo3aH11e, yeBOeHHe, eo­ xpaHeHHe 11 paenpoeTpaHeH11e npeMeTOB, 11e:ti, eHHOeTHbIX npeeTaB­ JieH11i1,o6eene'iJ1BalOJ1X B3aJ1MOnOHJ1MaHJ1e JIIOe:ti B pa3JIJ1'iHb X eOJ1- aJibHb X e11TyaJ1RX. 06'beKTOM eoJ10JIOr11qeeKoro 11eeJieoBaHJ1jJ RBJIR­ lOTeR KOHKpeTHOe paenpeeJieHJ1e eyeeTBYIOJ1X B aHHOM o6eeTBe cpopM J1 enoeo6oB oeBOeHHR, eo3aHJ1jJ J1 nepeaq11 o6'beKTOB KYJibTYPbl,


ycTOM'i HBbre w H3MeH'iHBbie npoeccbr B KYJibTypHo:i1: mtt3HH, a TaKme o6ycJIOBJIHBaIO He HX COHaJibHbie cpaKTOpbI H MexaHH3MbI. B 3TOM KOH­ TeKCTe COHOJIOrHR H3yqaeT umpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHbie, ycTOM'iHBbie H ITOBTOpRIOHeCR BO BpeMeHH MHOroo6pa3Hbie cpopMbI OTHOllieHHM qJieHOB COHaJibHbIX o6HOCTe:i1:, rpynn Ho6eCTBa B eJIOM c npwpO,llHbIM HCOH­ aJibHbIM OKpymeHHeM,,llHHaMHKy pa3BHTHR KYJibTYPbI, KOTOpaR IT03BO­ JIReT onpe,1:1eJIHTb ypoBeHb pa3BHTHR KYJibTYPbI coo6ecTB w, cJie,1:10Ba­ TeJibHO, roBopttTb 06 wx KYJibTYPHOM nporpecce HJIH perpecce.

Kam,1:1oe KOHKpeTHOe coo6eCTBO (HBHJIH3aHR, rocy,1:1apcTBO, HapO,llHOCTb H T..z:I.) C03,llaeT Ha npOTR»CeHHH MHOrHX BeKOB CBOIO co6cT­

BeHHYIO rwraHTCKYIO cynepKyJibTypy, KOTOpaR conpoBom,1:1aeT HH,llHBH­

,1:1a Ha npOTR»CeHHH BCe:i1: ero»CH3HH H nepe,1:1aeTCR H3 ITOKOJieHHR B ITOKO­

JieHHe. B pe3yJibTaTe B HCTopwqecKOM npoecce B03HHKaeT MHOmecTBO KYJibTYP· lepe,1:1 COHOJIOraMH BCTaeT npo6JieMa onpe,1:1eJIHTb, cyeCT­ ByeT JIH "ITO-TO o6ee B qeJIOBeqecKOM KyJibType HJIH, BbipamaRCb Hayq­

HbIM R3bIKOM, cyeCTBYIOT JIH KYJibTYPHbie yHwBepcaJIHH. AMepwKaH­ CKHM cowoJior w 3THorpacp.Il:mop,1:1m Mep,1:10K BbI,lleJIHJI 6oJiee 60 KYJib­

TYPHbIX yHttBepcaJiw:i1:, CBOMCTBeHHbIX BCeM o6eCTBaM: R3bIK, peJiwrwro, CHMBOJibI, H3rOTOBJieHwe opy,1:1w:i1: Tpy,1:1a, ceKcyaJibHbi e orpaHH'ieHHR, o6bI'ia:i1:,1:1apttTb no,1:1apKH, cnopT, HaTeJibHbie yKpallieHHR w T.,1:1. 3Tw yHH­ BepcaJIHH cyeCTBYIOT ITOTOMy, "ITO OHH Y.z:IOBJieTBOpRIOT Haw6oJiee

Ba»CHbie 6woJiorwqecKHe, ITCHXOJIOrwqecKHe H COHaJibHbie IT0Tpe6HOCTH. BamHo:i1: npo6JieMo:i1: cowoJiorww RBJIReTCR oeHKa JIIO,llbMH.z:lpyro:i1: KYJihTypbI.3aqacTyIO JIIO.z:IH cKJIOHHbI oeHwBaTb,1:1pyrne KYJibTYPbI qepe3 npw3MY cBoe:i1: co6cTBeHHO:i1:. TaKaR no3HHR Ha3hIBaeTCR aTum:euTpHa­ MOM. 3THOeHTpH3M - BeCbMa WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHOe RBJieHwe. Hp­ KHM npORBJieHHeM 3THOeHTpH3Ma RBJIReTCR BCRKOro po,1:1a MHCCHOHep­ CKaR,1:1eRTeJibHOCTb, Ha'iHHaR OT ITOITbITOK HaCa,llHTb CBOH BepoBaHHR, CBOIO

peJIHrHIO noKopeHHbIM Hapo,1:1aM B nepwo,1:1 KOJIOHH3a HH H KOll '·l:aR COBpe­ MeHHbIMH ycTpeMJieHHRMH HaBR3aTb «aMepwKaHCKHM o6pa3»CH3HH» B EBpone, HJIH «COBeTCKHM 06pa3»CH3HH» B,1:1pyrwx cTpaHax Mttpa.

3THO eHTpH3MY npOTHBOCTOHT KYJILTyp11L1H peJIHTHBH3M, npo­

B03rJiawaro w:i1: a6coJIIOTHYIO caMo6bITHOCTb JII06o:i1: KYJibTYPbI. B cooT­ BeTCTBHH c 3TOM ycTaHOBKOM, JII06aR KYJibTypa MO»CeT 6bITb ITOHRTa

TOJibKO B ee co6cTBeHHOM KOHTeKCTe H TOJibKO TOr,lla, KOr,1:1a OHa paccMaT­ pwBaeTCR B ee eJIOCTHOCTH.BbIBO,ll 0 TOM, "ITO HH 0,llHa eHHOCTb, HH O,llHH

o6bI'ia:i1: He MoryT 6bITb ITOHRTbI ITOJIHOCTbIO, eCJIH HX paccMaTpHBaTb B oTpbIBe OT eJioro, 6eccnopHo, npaBHJieH. Ho npe,1:1cTaBJIReTCR HeBepHbIM

,1:1eJiaTb aKeHT TOJibKO Ha caMo6bITHOCTH KYJihTypbI, He yBR3bIBaR,1:1aH­ HYIO KYJihTYPY c,1:1pyrnMH, He paccMaTpttBaR KYJihTYPHbr:i1: npoecc KaK o6eqeJIOBeqecKHM npoecc, pa3BHTHe MHpOBOM HBHJIH3aHH B eJIOM. 3,1:1ecb nepe'iHCJieHbI TOJibKO HeKOTOpbre Ba»CHbie npo6JieMbI COH­ OJIOrHH KYJihTypbr. CTporo roBopR, npo6JieMbI KYJibTYPbI RBJIRIOTCR 0,1:1- HHMH H3 BamHe:i1:umx B COHOJIOrtt'ieCKOM HCCJie,llOBaHHH, H MbI HX 6y,1:1eM ITOCTORHHO KacaTbCR. Ce:i1:qac CJie,1:1yeT OTMeTHTb, "ITO OCHOBHOe BHHMa­ HHe B COHOJIOrHH y,lleJIReTCR HCCJie,llOBaHl•UO KYJibTYPbI KaK CHMBOJIH'ie­ CKOM, eHHOCTHOM H HOpMaTHBHOM CHCTeMbI, HanpaBJIRIO e:i1: H peryJIH­

pyroe:i1:,lleRTeJibHOCTb JII0,1:1e:i1:.


2

0C1W6UbLe 3./1,e.MeUmbL 11:y.11,bmypbL. IIou.R-mue u euabL cy611:y.11,bmy p

Ky.nhTypa B urnpoKOM eMbie.ne e.noBa BKmoqaeT B ee6.R Bee,n;oeT11meHH.R qe.noBe'ieeTBa, B TOM 'iHe.ne J1 MaTepHaJibHbie: opy,n;H.R Tpy,n;a, a,n;aHH.R, eoopymeHH.R J1 T.,n;. CoQHOJIOrmo HHTepeeylOT 3TJ1 3JieMeHTbl B TOM e.ny­ qae, ee.n11 oHa 11ayqaeT paa.nH'iHbie aeneKTbI Baa11Mo,n;ei1:eTBH.R qe.noBeKa e OKpymaro eH epe,n;oi1:, TO eeTb eOQHOJIOrH'i eeKHe aeneKTbl 3KOJIOrHqee­

KOH npo6.neMbl.Ho Bee me r.naBHOe BHHMaHHe B eOQHOJIOrHH OTBO,ll;HTe.R

cpyHKQHOH11poBaHHIO paa.nH'iHbIX 3.neMeHTOB B,n;yxoBHOH KYJibType. Ka­ KOBbI me 3TJ1 3JieMeHTbI?

1.IIepBbIM, 11 Ha1160.nee BamHb M, 3.neMeHTOM.RB.n.ReTe.R noaHaBa­ Te.nbHbIH, 3HaKOBO-CHMBOJIH'<leCKH H3JieMeHT, T. e. 3HaHH.R, ecpopMyJIH­ poBaHHbie B onpe,n;e.neHHbI X TIOH.RTH.RX J1 npe,n;eTaBJieHH.RX J1 aacpHKeH­ poBaHHbie B.R3bIKe. ll3blK -3TO o6'beKTHBHa.R cpopMa aKKYMYJI.RQHH, xpaHeHH.R 11 nepe,n;aq11 qe.noBe'ieeKoro onb Ta. PaeeMoTpHM KpaTKo, 'iTO npe,n;eTaB.n.ReT eo6oi1:.R3bIK KaK BamHei1:urni1: 3.neMeHT KYJibTYPbI..HabIK

- 3TO e11eTeMa 3HaKOB J1 eHMBOJIOB, Ha,n;e.neHHb X onpe,n;e.neHHbIM 3Ha­ 'ieHHeM. 3HaKH J1 eHMBOJibl BbieTynalOT B npoQeeee o6eHH.R B KaqeeT­ Be npe,n;eTaBHTeJieH (3aMeeTHTe.nei1:).zi;pyr11x npe,n;MeTOB J1 HeTIOJ1b3Y­ IOTe.R ,n;.n.R no.ny'ieHH.R, xpaHeH11.R, npeo6paaoBaHH.R 11 nepe,n;aq11 HHcpop­ MaQHH 0 HHX. 3HaKH J1 eHMBOJibl Beer,n;a HMelOT onpe,n;e.neHHOe 3Ha'ieHHe. JI10,n;11 yeBaHBalOT 3TO 3Ha'ieHHe 3HaKOB J1 eHMBOJIOB B npo­ Qeeee BOeTIHTaHH.R J1 o6pa30BaHH.R. 1i1MeHHO 3TO Il03BOJI.ReT HM TIOHH­

MaTb eMbieJI eKa3aHHOro J1 uan11eaHHOro.

2. BTopbIM, He MeHee BamHblM, KOMTIOHeHTOM KYJibTYPbI.RB.n.ReTe.R eHHOCTHO-Il 03HanaTeJibHaH CHCTeMa. eHHOCTb -3TO eBOHeTBO Toro HJIH HHOro o6eeTBeHHOro npe,n;MeTa,.RBJieHH.R y,n;oBJieTBOp.RTb Il0Tpe6- HOeTH, me.naHH.R, HHTepeebI. IJ;eHHOeTH cpopMHPYIOTe.R B peay.nbTaTe oeoauaHH.R eOQHaJibHblM ey6'beKTOM eBOHX Il0Tpe6HOeTei1: B eOOTHeeeHHH HX e npe,n;MeTaMH OKpymaroero MHpa, T. e. B peayJibTaTe QeHHOeTHOro OTHOllleHH.R, pea.n11ayeMoro B aKTe OQeHKH. B e11eTeMy QeHHOeTeH eOQH­

aJibHOro ey6'beKTa MoryT BXO,ll;HTb pa3JIH'iHbie QeHHOeTH:

1) CMb CJI01KH3HeHHb e (npe,n;eTaBJieHH.R 0,n;o6pe J1 a.ne, eqaeTbe, QeJIH J1 eMbie.ne mH3HH);

2) YHHBepcaJibHh e:

a) BHTa.nbHbie (m11aub, a,n;opoBbe, JIH'iHa.R 6eaonaeuoeTb, 6.naroeo­ eTo.Ru11e, eeMb.R, po,n;eTBeuu11K11, 06paaoBan11e, KBa.n11cp11KaQH.R, npaBo­ nop.R,D;OK J1 T.,n;.);

6) o6eeTBeuuoro np11aHan11.R lTPY,n;o.nro{me, eOQHaJibHOe no.no­

meu11e 11 T.,n;.);

B) MemJIH'iHOeTHOro o6eHH.R (qeeTHOeTb, 6eeKOpbieTHe,,n;o6po­ me.naTeJibHOeTb);

r),n;eMOKpaTH'ieeK11e (eB060,n;a e.noBa, eoBeeTH, napTHH,HaQHO- HaJibHblH eyBepeHHTeT J1 T.,n;.);

3) napTHKYJIHPHb e:

a) npHB.R3aHHOeTb K Ma.noi1: po,n;11He, eeMbe;

6) cpeTHllIH3MbI (Bepa B Bora, eTpeM.neu11e K a6eo.n10Ty).

KynbTypa B o6u.iecrseHHOi1 c11creMe 47


I..J;euuocTUOe OTHOllleUHe BbICTynaeT Heo6xo,n;HMbIM KOMilOHeH­ TOM B cpopMHpOBaHHH eHHOCTHOH opHeHTa HH,,n;e.HTeJibHOCTH H OTHO­

llleHHH, KOTOpbre BbrpamaIOTC.H B eHHOCTHOH ycTaHOBKe. I..J;eunocTuan ycTaHOBKa.HBJI.HeTC.H CBOeo6pa3HOH npe,n;Bap1110rn;et1: nporpaMMOH,n;e.H­ TeJibHOCTH H o6rn;eHH.H, CB.H3aHHOH c B03MO:>KHOCTbIO Bbr6opa BapHaHTOB

,n;e.HTeJibHOCTH H o6rn;eHH.H, H npe,n;cTaBJI.HeT co6o:i1 COHaJibHO-,n;eTepMH­

HHpOBaHHYIO npe,n;pacnoJIO:>KeHHOCTb COHaJibHOro cy6'heKTa K 3apaHee

onpe,n;eJieHHOMY OTHOllleHHIO K,n;aHHOMY o6'beKTy, Bern;H, l.feJIOBeKy,.HB­ JieHHIO, co6bITHIO H T. ,n;. [(eHHOCTHbie ycTaHOBKH Bbrpa6aTbIBaIOTC.H 06-

rn;ecTBOM B npoecce o6rn;ecTBeHHO-HCTOPHl.feCKOH,n;e.HTeJibHOCTH H ne­ pe,n;aIOTC.H HH,D;HBH,D;aMH H nocJie,n;y10rn;HMH IlOKOJieHH.HMH B npoecce co­

HaJIH3aHH: o6yl.feHH.H, BOCilHTaHH.H H T. ,n;.

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