Artistic stonework in Ukraine. Articles made of stone

The art of stone carving in Ukraine has a very deep tradition. A lot of architectural monuments of Ancient Kyivan Rus have nearly thousand-year duration (XI-XIII century) is decorated by stone carvings.

Large and small sculptures, slate whorls with carved ornaments, icons, crosses, different jewelries were made of stone since ancient times.

Especially the lush bloom the art of art processing of stone was reached in Ukraine in the XVIII - first half of XIX century. This prosperity was closely associated with the ambitious construction is taking place in Kiev and the surrounding area, as well as high demand for snuff boxes and other small household items that were made of metal, bone and stone. Started at this time search of colored stones, suitable for tiling, as well as precious gems that go on the jewelry, was crowned with brilliant success.

In the XVIII - first half XIX century made of stone was made large and small decorative vases, table tops, trays, boxes, snuff boxes, cups, printing, etc.

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During the Renaissance jewelers did not know how to really handle the stones, didn't know the techniques required to enhance its shine and color. Typically, the stone is only lightly polished and Parousia, not changing irregular shape. This stone is doing massive caste-nests, which essentially hid the stone. Therefore, the appearance of the first faceted diamonds was met with great interest.

Nevertheless, goldsmith’s Russian faith and nationality has experienced in considerable harassment by the authorities and gradually, the overwhelming majority of the shop became exclusive minority. This even led to changes in their working material from gold to silver.

Despite this, the Ukrainian Jewellery of gold develops under two remarkable influences: Western from Augsburg, Nuremberg and East from Turkey, through the mediation of Krakow and Lublin. The latter is also found good soil in combination with Old Russian motifs.

In such jewelry centres as Kiev, Pereyaslav, Nizhyn, Chernihiv improved and diversified techniques used within a single product. Notched, webbed painting enamels, casting, chasing the high and low relief, etching, deep engraving and filigree are combined. Jewellery became smaller and lighter. Earrings are increasing wear in punctured ear, not to the temple or plaited into the hair. The shape of bracelets is changed. It is not wide of the plate on hinges (in ancient Russia they maintained a long sleeve shirt), and light solid Hoop or chain with the use of mobiles in gold, diamonds or pearls. Rings, buckles and decorative buttons are becoming popular among men and women of all social classes.

Near the shops of goldsmiths workshops, there are a separate of jewelers. Nowadays the products of Baroque from the workshops of I. Ravych, M. Yurievich, P. Volokh, I. Zavadovsky (the Royal doors from solid silver and binding the throne in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv).

This era also brought considerable interest in precious stones. Masters of cutting diamonds and colored stones were appeared. This forced jewellers to draw attention to the importance of combining the "re-open" the stone with metal. The ability to understand the properties and decorative qualities of various types of stone to choose suitable stone blocks for different products, to determine the plane of cutting blocks required artistic taste and fine artistic flair. The leaders of the stone production and stone-carvers were well versed in various techniques of art processing of stone. To high technical and artistic excellence has been proven in the manufacturing method of the Florentine mosaic. Masters learned to coat the product and architectural details (vases, columns, etc.) made from inexpensive soft stone, skillfully crafted plates expensive and more beautiful rocks (Jasper, malachite, agate and others), which much less frequently and in smaller monoliths found in nature.

Since the second half of the XIX century the order for a carved stone decreased, and wonderful art starts to decline. Instead of producing large decorative architectural coatings products and precious jewelry comes and receives extensive development of handicraft production of various small items.

In the late nineteenth century many artisans, workshops and working individually and in small workshops, were engaged in cutting gemstones and drilling necklaces, manufacture of brooches, barrette, malachite box, stone paper, small sculptures and other small articles of agate, rock crystal, Jasper, etc. Along with this, the increasing distribution was received by the production of various small household goods and sculptures from soft and semi-hard types of stone, which are easily treatable.

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Great artistic value of these various products is not different. It is extremely difficult working conditions, pressure buyers and small heads - all this, taken together, resulted in the loss of the best traditions.
In the Soviet years was a gradual revival of the art of stone carving. With 20 years of organized Artel bricklayers in Hutsul villages and Kiev region.

Compared with most other sectors of the art industry and other traditional crafts of stone carving by the time the revolution was in deep decline. A valuable tradition in most of the cases were lost, there was almost no artists similar to P. Terentiev, V. Denisov, V. Peskov, worked in Tobolsk, G. Petrovsky, V. Guryev, V. Usikova that worked in Holmogory. So for a long time dragovan production was based either on the artists that performed for samples of masters-executors, or to the old pre-revolutionary samples.

In the postwar years, the art of stone carving began to develop more rapidly than in the 20-th and 30-th. Of great importance was the fact that the artists who created samples for the fishery, and the master stone-cutters, more actively began to work in the years above independent compositions, well known production and properties of various types of stone with which they had to deal with. They sought to create the things they were responsible manufacturing and aesthetic requirements. Significant in this respect are the creative activity E. Nikolaeva. And in utilitarian objects (ashtray "Bears", WC box "Fox") and in a small desktop figurines ("Fish", "Vorobyshki") Nikolaev finds himself, on the one hand, as a talented master of sculpture, and on the other hand - as a highly skilled stone Carver. His work is characterized, as a rule, characterized by sharp images, bribe perfection of craftsmanship, a skilful selection of appropriate types of stone. On closer examination its small carved stone sculptures begin to feel an incredible admiration for the talent of this artist; you begin to appreciate creative design and taste of an artist, when you see how well mutually complementary yellowish white gypsum and anhydrite in elegant dressing box "the Fox", where for the artistic design, carved out of anhydride takes both a utilitarian and decorative features, making it like a kind of pedestal figurines.

The works of E. Nikolaeva, N. Tony, S.Dozorova, and L. Antoshina in making decorative vases and everyday objects of soft stone in combination with metal are interesting. The use of a combination of metal refines stone-cutting products and opens the way for the enrichment of the product range.

Widespread in the postwar years received products with turning stone, and metal often found very successful application in turning things. Were processed both soft and hard types of stone.

Art of artistic processing of stone processing time ever passed a long and difficult path. While in pre-revolutionary years in deep decline, the industry has managed to overcome the fiction industry lane severe crisis. Annually updated range of products that revive the forgotten traditional techniques of artistic processing of stone and every year creates more and more artistic works, which comprehensively and clearly reflected our age.

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