Give, invite, keep, knock down, stick, treat

1. Steve hates ___waiting.

2. We went to the party without ___.

3. I like giving presents and I also like ___ them.

4. It's a busy road and I don't like crossing it. I'm afraid of ___.

5. I'm an adult. I don't like ___ like a child.

6. You can't do anything about ___ in a traffic jam.

Задание 8.14 Закончите предложения. Вставьте get/got + глаголы (в нужной форме).

Ask, damage, hurt, pay, steal, sting, stop, use

1. There was a road accident, but nobody ___.

2. Alex ___ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.

3. These tennis courts don't ___ very often. Not many people want to play.

4. I used to have a bicycle, but it ___ a few months ago.

5. Rachel works hard but doesn't ___ very much.

6. Last night I ___ by the police as I was driving home.

7. Please pack these things very carefully. I don't want them to ___.

8. People often want to know what my job is. I often ___ that question.

LESSON 9

Power Supplies

Read the English words and their translation into Russian. Then cover the left column and translate the Russian words back into English.

electric cell гальванический элемент (батарейка)

electrolyte [I'lektrqlaIt] электролит

solution [sq'lHSqn] раствор

electrode [I'lektroud] электрод

anode ['xnoud] анод

cathode ['kqθoud] катод

ion ['aIqn] ион

to release [rI'lJs] освобождать, высвобождать

to react [rI'ækt] реагировать

charging зарядка, подзарядка

discharged разряженный

to recharge ["rJ'CRG] перезаряжать

rechargeable ["rJ'CRGqbl] перезаряжаемый

reverse direction [rI'vWs dI'rekSqn] обратное направление

storage cell аккумулятор

primary cell первичный (гальванический) элемент

secondary cell вторичный (аккумуляторный) элемент

alkaline ['xlkqlaIn] щелочной

manganese oxide ['mxNgqnJz 'OksaId] окись марганца

zinc [zINk] цинк

potassium hydroxide [pə'txsIqm haI'drOksaId] гидроксид калия

wristwatch наручные часы

mercuric oxide [mW'kjuqrIk'OksaId] оксид ртути

lead-acid battery ['led 'xsId] свинцово-кислотная батарея

lead dioxide ['led daI'OksaId] диоксид свинца

sulfuric acid [sql'fHrIk 'xsId] серная кислота

to start an engine запустить двигатель

vehicle ['vJIkl] транспортное средство

to go flat садиться (о батарейках, аккумуляторах)

chemical ['kemIkəl] химикат

nickel-iron battery ['nIkl 'aIqn] железо- никелевый аккумулятор

to emit [I'mIt] испускать, выделять

cadmium ['kxdmIqm] кадмий

mercury ['mWkjurI] ртуть

energy capacity энергоёмкость

lithium ['lIθIqm] литий

energy-to-weight ratio удельная энергия по массе

remote control пульт дистанционного управления

Luigi Galvani (1737 –1798)

Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician who discovered that nerves and muscles produce electricity. He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells. Galvani inventions lead to batteries.

Text 1

Electric Cells

Electric cell is a device that stores electric energy in the form of chemical energy.

All cells consist of:

· an electrolyte (solution containing ions)

· positive electrode

· negative electrode.

Electricity is generated when the negative electrode (cathode) reacts with the electrolyte. During the reaction electrons are released. They move to positive electrode (anode). The electric energy is released when a conductor is connected between the terminals of the cell. When the cell has no power to release electricity (when electrolyte has reacted fully), the cell is said to be discharged.

Some types of cell can be recharged by passing a current in reverse direction. This type of rechargeable cell is also called storage cell or Secondary cell. Primary cell cannot be recharged.

Types of cells:

1. Alkaline dry cells

One of the oldest types of primary cell used today is alkaline dry cell. This type of cell consists of a positive electrode made from manganese oxide (MnO) and a negative electrode made of zinc. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide (KOH). Alkaline cells are used widely in radios, remote controls, and torches. They can supply quite large currents for long periods.

1. Mercury cells

Mercury cells are made in the shape of a small disc to use in small, portable electronic devices. They can be used in wristwatches, calculators etc. In these cells the negative electrode consists of zinc, while the positive electrode is made of mercuric oxide (HgO). The electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).

1. Silver oxide primary cells

Silver oxide positive electrode in the cell gives better voltage than mercury cells. They are also often made in the shape of a small disc.

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