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ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ И УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
Возвратные и усилительные местоимения образуются путем прибавления окончания -self (в единственном числе) и -selves (во множественном числе) к притяжательным местоимениям my, our, your, личным местоимениям him, her, it, them и неопределенному местоимению one. Они переводятся себя, себе, собой, -сь, -ся. Неопределенно-личная форма - oneself [wAn'self].
Усилительные местоимения переводятся сам,сама, само, сами.
| Лицо | Единственное число | Множественное число |
| myself [maI'self] | ourselves [auq'selvz] | |
| yourself [jL'self] | yourselves [jL'selvz] | |
| himself [hIm'self] herself [hW'self] itself [It'self] | themselves [Dem'selvz] |
Steve introduced himself to the other guests. Стив представил ся другим гостям.
I 'll pay for myself. Я заплачу за себя.
После некоторых глаголов, если нет необходимости подчеркивать, что человек сделал это сам, возвратные местоимения не употребляются:
to wash - умываться
to dress - одеваться
to shave - бриться
to bathe - купаться
to hide – прятаться
to relax – расслабляться
In the morning I wash, shave and dress. Утром я умываю сь, брею сь и одеваю сь.
Don’t hide. I can see you. Не прячьте сь. Я вижу вас.
Children bathed in the river. Дети купали сь в реке.
He got dressed. Он одел ся.
Возвратные местоимения употребляются в выражениях:
Do it yourself! Сделай (это) сам!
Help yourself / yourselves! Угощайте сь!
Enjoy yourself! Получайте удовольствие! Наслаждайте сь жизнью!
Behave yourself! Веди себя прилично!
Усилительные местоимения употребляются с существительными или личными местоимениями для усиления их смысла.
They saw it themselves. Они это видели сами.
We can do it ourselves. = We ourselves can do it. Мы может сами это сделать.
You have to repair everything yourselves. Вам придется починить все самим.
Вместе с предлогом by усилительные местоимения означают, что лицо совершает действие самостоятельно, без помощи кого-либо:
He built a house by himself. Он построил дом сам.
Did you translate it all by yourself? Вы перевели это все сами?
Задание 1.7 Закончите предложения используя myself/yourself и т.д. с глаголами blame, burn, enjoy, express, hurt, feel в нужной форме.
1. John fell down, but fortunately he didn’t....
2. It isn't his fault. He really shouldn't ….
3. The children had а great time at the beach. They really ….
4. The iron is very hot. Be careful! Don't ….
5. He is better now. He … fine.
Задание 1.8 Вставьте myself/yourself и т.д., или me/you/us и т.д.
1. Mary had а great holiday. She enjoyed ….
2. It was not your fault. You needn’t blame....
3. What I did was really great. I’m proud of ….
4. They have а problem. I hoре you can help ….
5. Can I take another apple? - Of course. Help ….
6. You must meet Jane. I’ll introduce … to her.
7. Don't worry about us. We can do the work ….
8. I gave him а key to our house so that he could let … in.
9. I didn't want anybody to see my photos, so I burned....
Задание 1.9 Используйте глаголы concentrate, dry, feel, meet, relax, wash в нужной формеиместоимения myself/yourself и т.д. где необходимо.
1. I wasn’t very well yesterday, but I … much better today.
2. After shower I … with а towel.
3. He tried to study, but he couldn't ….
4. I’m going to the cinema with George this evening. We're... at 7.30.
5. You’re always in a hurry. Why don’t you sit down and …?
6. There was no water, so we couldn't ….
Задание 1.10 Закончите предложения используя -selves или each other.
1. If people work too hard, they can make … ill.
2. I love you and you love me. We love ….
3. In our family we often give … presents at Christmas.
4. Some people are very selfish. They only think of ….
5. We don’t see … very often these days.
6. They’ve had a quarrel. They're not speaking to … at the moment.
7. We'd never met before, so we introduced … to ….
Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение no и их производные.
Употребление неопределенных местоимений some (какой-нибудь, какой-то, некий, некоторый) и any (какой-нибудь, всякий, любой) а также их производных определяется типом предложения.
Вутвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:
Give те something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста.
I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.
В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:
Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?
Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?
В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные, либо отрицательное местоимение no
I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу найти эту книгу нигде.
There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
There isn’t anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
Различия между местоимениями any и some - в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:
You can find this book anywhere. — Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.
Задание 1.18 Переведите слова в таблице и запомните их.
| NO/NONE SOME ANY EVERY |
| no one someone anyone everyonenobody somebody anybody everybodynothing something anything everythingnowhere somewhere anywhere everywherenoplace someplace anyplace every place |
Задание 1.11 Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, anything.
1. The question is so difficult that... can answer it. 2.... left his bag at the reception yesterday. 3. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 4. It is too late. I think there is... in the office now. 5.... knows that plants like water. 6. Is there... here who knows English? 7. You must find... who can help you. 8.... knew anything about our home task. 9. The question is very easy.... can answer this question. 10. There is... in the next room. I don't know him. 11. Please, tell us the story.... knows it. 12. Is there... you want to tell me? 13. Has... here got a red pencil?
Задание 1.12 Задайте вопросы, на которые следующие предложения могут быть ответами. 1. Nobody is at school today; it's Sunday.2. Yes, someone is in the kitchen with Jenny.3. Yes, I have seen your pen on the desk.4. No, there is no one in the room.5. No, I cannot tell you anything now. Задание 1.13 Заполните пропуски местоимениями any, no или none:1. It was late, so there were … shops open.
2. I haven't got … money. I left my wallet at home.
3. There were … taxis and we had to walk home.
4. How many eggs have we got? - …. Do you want me to buy some?
5. We bought а few apples, but … of them were very good.
6. I’ll try and answer … questions you ask me.
7. I couldn't answer … of the questions they asked me.
8. I tried to phone you, but there was … answer.
Задание 1.14 Заполните пропуски подходящими местоимениями.
1. I don't want … to drink. I'm not thirsty.
2.The bus was completely empty. There was … on it.
3. Where did you go for your holidays? - …. I stayed at home.
4. I went to the shops, but I didn't buy ….
5. What did you buy? - I couldn't find … I wanted.
6. The town is still the same as it was years ago. … has changed.
7. Have you seen ту pen? I can't find it ….
8. There was absolute silence in the room. …said ….
Задание 1.15 Выберите правильное местоимение.
1. I don't know nothing / anything about economics.
2. The road accident was serious, but nobody/ anybody was injured.
3. He looked out of the window, but he couldn't see no-one / anyone.
4. Our control work is very easy. Nobody/Anybody could do it.
5. What’s in that box? - Nothing/ Anything. It's empty.
6. She didn't tell nobody/ anybody about her plans.
LESSON 2
Electricity
Read the English words and their translation into Russian. Then cover the left column and translate the Russian words back into English.
electricity [Ilek'trIsItI] электричество
flow [flqu] ток, поток
charge [CRG] заряд
electric circuit [I'lektrIk 'sWkIt] электрическая цепь
energy ['enqGI] энергия
battery ['bxterI] батарея
power supply ['pauq sq'plaI] источник (электро)питания
cell [sel] элемент питания, батарейка
wire ['waIq] электрический провод
voltage ['vOltIG] напряжение
voltage source ['vOltIG sLs] источник напряжения
component [kqm'pqunqnt] элемент цепи
to connect [kq'nekt] соединять
connection [kq'nekSn] соединение
wrong connection ошибочное соединение
to join [GOIn] соединять
to complete circuit [kqm'plJt] замыкать цепь
complete circuit замкнутая цепь
diagram ['daIqgrqm] схема, чертеж
switch [swIC] выключатель, переключатель
to break ['breIk] размыкать
break обрыв, разрыв (цепи)
broken ['brqukqn] разомкнутый
broken circuit разомкнутая цепь
to burn out [bWn] перегорать
fault [fLlt] повреждение, обрыв, неисправность
to open размыкать
closed замкнутый
open разомкнутый, размыкание
short circuit короткое замыкание
open circuit разомкнутая цепь
on включенный
off выключенный
battery lead [lJd] вывод батареи, аккумулятора
to provide [prq'vaId] обеспечивать
switch [swIC]выключатель, переключатель
resistor резистор, сопротивление
capacitor [kə'pæsItə] конденсатор
LED (light emitting diode) ['laIt I'mItIN daI'qud] светодиод
to glow ['glqu] светиться
Text 1
Electricity
Electricity is the flow of charge around a circuit carrying energy from the battery (or power supply) to components such as lamps and motors.
Electric current can flow only if a circuit is complete. Electric current flows through wires from the battery to circuit components and back to the battery again.
This diagram shows a simple circuit. The components of the circuit are a battery, wires, a switch and a lamp. Battery gives energy to the lamp. The wires connect the components of the circuit. The switch breaks the circuit.
When the switch is open the circuit is broken, electric current cannot flow, and the lamp is off. When the switch is closed electricity flows around the circuit and the lamp is on.
What is "open circuit"?
We say "open circuit" when there is no connection. "Open circuit" is a break in some part of a circuit (for example a switch in the open or off position) or a fault (for example a broken wire or burnt out component).
What is "short circuit"?
A "short circuit" is a connection with very low resistance such as a wire (almost 0Ω) which provides a very easy way for current. A short circuit is a fault or wrong connection.
For example: if the battery leads contact one another they create a connection with very low resistance and make a short circuit. Current will flow through this short circuit instead through the circuit. This stops the circuit working. Short circuit can be the cause of a fire, because large current flows through the leads and the battery, and they will become very hot.
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