TEXT C: SOIL

Words and words combinations:

1. surface [´sǝ:fis] поверхня

2. layer [´leiǝ] шар, пласт

3. earth [ǝ:θ] земля, суша, земна куля

4. resources [ri´sɔ:s] ресурси

5. to support [sǝ´pɔ:t] підтримувати, допомагати

6. mankind [mæn´kaind] людство

7. mixture [´mikstʃǝ] суміш

8. particle [´pa:tikl] частка

9. to depend (on) [di´pend] залежати (від)

10. continuous [kǝn´tinjuǝs] безперервний

11. to contain [kǝn´tein] містити в собі

12. gravel [´græv(ǝ)l] гравій

13. sand [sænd] пісок

14. silt [silt] мул, дрібнозем

15. clay [klei] глина

16. texture [´tekstʃǝ] будова, склад

17. loam [lǝum] жирна глина

18. sandy loam [´sændi lǝum] супісок

19. essential [i´senʃ(ǝ)l] основний, головний

20. nitrogen [´naitrǝʤǝn] азот

21. phosphorus [´fɔsf(ǝ)ras] фосфор

22. potassium [pǝ´tæsjǝm] калій

23. calcium [´kælsiǝm] кальций

24. magnesium [mæg´niziǝm] магній

25. sulphur [´sΛlfǝ] сірка

26. quantity [´kwɔntiti] кількість

27. kind [kaind] вид, тип

28. certain [´sǝ:t(ǝ)n] певний

29. deficient [di´fiʃ(ǝ)nt] позбавленний, недостатній

30. lack [ læk ] недостача, відсутність

31. proper [´prɔpǝ] правильний, необхідний

land plants рослини, що ростуть на суші

plant life життя рослини

living form живі форми

vegetable life рослинне життя

is used використовується

TEXT C: SOIL

Soil is the surface layer of the earth on which land plants grow. It is a natural resource that supports plant life. Soil plays a very important role in the life of the world and mankind. It is a highly organized physical, chemical and biological complex.

Soil is a mixture of particles of rock, organic materials, living forms, air and water. All of us depend on it. As a supporter of vegetable life, the soil provides food for animals and people.

The growth and development of agricultural crops depend on the fertility of the soil, continuous supply of water, heat, light and air.

No soil is perfectly fertile. If we want to have high yields of crops we must have a fertile soil. If the soil is poor we must apply fertilizers.

The size of mineral particles of soil is different. Soil contains gravel, sand, silt and clay. Six major texture groups are: “sand”, “sandy loam”, “silt loam”, “loam”, “clay loam” and “clay”. Some good clay and loamy soils are naturally highly fertile. Some light sandy soils are naturally poor. Man uses different soils in different ways. “Good” soil is used for growing crops. Poor soil is used as forest land.

Soils may be of different colours: from white to black, but the most common colours are red, yellow and brown. Dark coloured soils are more productive than light-coloured ones¹.

Soils contain almost all chemical elements. Eleven of them are essential for plant growth. The most important are: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. Plants take them from the soil in large quantity.

Some soils are rich in all kinds of plant food. Some are rich in certain elements but deficient in others. Poor growth and general appearance of the plants show lack of certain elements. Farmers study the soil and apply necessary fertilizers.

The use of fertilizers in proper amount and at the most suitable time may increase yields greatly.

Note: ones – слово-замінник іменника soils.

4. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. What is soil?

2. What does soil support?

3. What does soil provide for animals and people?

4. What do the growth and development of crops depend on?

5. What must people do to have high yields of crops?

6. What does soil contain?

7. What soils are naturally fertile?

8. How does man use different soils?

9. What are the most common colours of the soil?

10. What chemical elements in the soil are essential for plant growth?

5. Перекладіть слова та словосполучення:

surface layer, land plants, natural resource, supports, mixture of particles, to depend on, vegetable life, provides.

6. Знайдіть в тексті іменники, утворені від поданих слів та перекладіть їх:

to grow, to develop, fertile, to supply, sandy, loamy, agricultural, naturally, coloured, to grow, to use.

7. Закінчіть речення згідно зі змістом тексту:

1. If the soil is poor….

2. It is a highly organised….

3. The growth and development of agricultural crops….

4. Six major texture groups are: ….

5. Farmers study the soil and ….

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